A Model Predictive Control-Based Approach for Plug-in Electric Vehicles Charging: Power Tracking, Renewable Energy Sources Integration and Driver Preferences Satisfaction

Di Giorgio, Alessandro; Liberati, Francesco · 2015 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-287-317-0_7

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Summary

This study, commissioned by the German Energy Agency (dena) and conducted by a consortium including DEWI, E.ON Netz, EWI, and RWE Transport Grid, addresses the challenges of integrating expanding wind energy into Germany’s electricity grid through 2020. Motivated by federal targets to increase renewable energy share to 20% by 2020, the research investigates the necessary transmission grid extensions, impacts on supply reliability, and effects on conventional power plant operations and costs. The study aims to provide long-term energy management decisions while maintaining current reliability standards amidst the spatial concentration of wind generation in Northern Germany and high demand in the South. The research is divided into three parts. Part 1 develops scenarios for onshore and offshore wind capacity expansion, utilizing data from regional development programs and accounting for repowering of older turbines. It compares a technical DEWI scenario with a political "Resolution of the dena Advisory Board" scenario, which assumes stricter land-use constraints. Part 2 analyzes grid integration requirements, using technical criteria for (n-1) secure transmission and dynamic system behavior during faults. It identifies necessary transmission line extensions and reinforcement measures for horizons of 2007, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Part 3 employs model-based analyses to determine the impact on conventional power plants, comparing an expansion scenario against a baseline with fixed wind capacity from 2003. This section evaluates changes in residual load, regulating power needs, and cost-minimizing dispatch under various fuel and CO2 price assumptions. Key findings indicate that by 2020, feasible wind capacity could reach approximately 48–54 GW, depending on the scenario. Integrating this capacity requires significant grid infrastructure, including approximately 1,900 km of new 380 kV transmission routes and substantial reactive power compensation by 2020. The estimated cost for transmission system extension up to 2015 is roughly 1.1 billion €, rising to approximately 3 billion € by 2020, excluding offshore connection costs estimated at 5 billion €. The study highlights that grid bottlenecks are likely without timely infrastructure expansion, particularly given lengthy approval processes. Furthermore, the high penetration of wind energy forces conventional plants to operate closer to limits, with older wind turbines posing risks to system stability during faults due to immediate disconnection. The significance of this work lies in its demonstration that achieving renewable energy targets requires coordinated expansion of both generation and transmission infrastructure. It underscores the economic and technical necessity of upgrading wind turbine technology to support grid stability and the urgent need for streamlined legal approval processes for new transmission lines. The study concludes that without these adaptations, maintaining supply reliability and European interconnected operation will be compromised, necessitating further research into offshore transmission technologies and wind energy management strategies.

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