Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle on Power Distribution System Considering Vehicle to Grid Technology: A Review

Aljanad, A.; Mohamed, Azah · 2015 · Crossref

DOI: 10.19026/rjaset.10.1841

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Summary

This review article examines the technical impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) on power distribution and transmission systems, with a specific focus on Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. Motivated by the rapid global adoption of PHEVs to reduce oil dependency and CO2 emissions, the authors address the challenge of integrating large-scale electric vehicle fleets into existing electrical grids. The study aims to analyze how uncontrolled charging behaviors affect grid stability and how V2G technology can mitigate these issues by utilizing idle vehicle battery storage for grid support. The authors conducted a comprehensive survey of existing literature, categorizing studies based on charging strategies, coordination methods, and technical impacts. The review distinguishes between uncoordinated charging, which leads to unpredictable load patterns, and coordinated charging strategies, including centralized, hierarchical, and decentralized control architectures. The analysis evaluates various technical factors, including penetration levels, charging timing, power losses, voltage profiles, harmonics, and transformer overloading. Specific case studies from countries such as the USA, Portugal, Sweden, and Malaysia are synthesized to illustrate the variability of impacts based on local grid characteristics and penetration rates. Key findings indicate that uncoordinated PHEV charging significantly exacerbates peak load demands, leading to increased power losses, voltage drops, and transformer overloading. For instance, studies cited show that uncoordinated charging can increase peak loads by up to 74% in certain regions and raise transformer loads to critical levels. Conversely, coordinated charging strategies, particularly off-peak or intelligent scheduling, can mitigate these adverse effects, reducing power losses and improving voltage profiles. The review highlights that while V2G technology offers ancillary services like peak shaving and frequency regulation, its implementation requires robust control mechanisms. Harmonic distortion was found to be significant under uncoordinated conditions but manageable with coordinated charging. Furthermore, the integration of renewable energy sources with PHEVs through decentralized control algorithms showed potential for alleviating real power losses. The significance of this work lies in providing a structured overview of the technical challenges associated with PHEV integration, offering insights for long-term grid planning. The authors conclude that while PHEVs pose risks to distribution system reliability under uncontrolled conditions, appropriate coordination strategies and V2G technologies can transform vehicles into valuable grid assets. The review underscores the necessity of developing smart charging infrastructure and control frameworks to ensure the stable and efficient operation of power systems amidst increasing electric vehicle penetration.

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• v2x connected vehicle