A Systematic Review of Optimization Approaches for the Integration of Electric Vehicles in Public Buildings

Almeida, Luiz; Soares, Ana; Moura, Pedro · 2023 · DOAJ

DOI: 10.3390/en16135030

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Summary

This systematic review addresses the optimization of electric vehicle (EV) integration within public buildings (PBs), a domain that has seen increased publication activity but remains under-explored compared to residential contexts. Motivated by the need to decarbonize transportation and energy sectors, the study aims to consolidate existing literature on technical and economic constraints, optimization strategies, and future trends. The authors identify a gap in the literature, noting the absence of prior reviews that frame EV-PB integration within a single comprehensive framework encompassing multiple strategies and constraints. The methodology employed a systematic literature review using the open-access LENS search engine. The authors analyzed publications from 2012 to 2022 using specific query strings targeting "Electric Vehicles" and "Public Buildings." An initial search yielded 1,418 publications, which were filtered to 487 relevant articles. A secondary search for review articles identified 256 items. The analysis categorized findings by scientific field and optimization complexity, focusing on mathematical optimization (MO) and machine learning (ML) techniques. The review examined various integration scenarios, including vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), and novel concepts like vehicle-to-building-to-building (V2B2) energy transfer. Key findings highlight the evolution of optimization strategies from simple control systems to advanced algorithms such as model predictive control (MPC), mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), and stochastic programming. The review identifies significant technical and economic constraints, including uncertainties in driving behavior and local renewable generation, battery degradation due to V2G cycles, and complex tariff structures. Specific studies cited demonstrate that optimized integration can reduce energy costs by up to 29% and achieve financial savings between 45% and 77% in V2B2 scenarios. The analysis also reveals that while V2G offers grid stabilization and renewable energy matching benefits, it is hindered by the high cost of bidirectional chargers and accelerated battery wear. The significance of this work lies in its provision of an integrated picture of the challenges and opportunities in EV-PB integration. It underscores the potential of EVs as flexible storage resources that can enhance grid resilience and support local energy generation. The authors conclude by identifying future research perspectives, including the development of energy communities, the impact of local generation legislation, and the need for policies that incentivize EV adoption and address stochastic parameters. This review serves as a foundational resource for researchers and policymakers aiming to develop efficient, smart, and sustainable energy management systems for public infrastructure.

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