Design and Experimental Results of Universal Electric Vehicle Charger Using DSP
DOI: 10.12928/telkomnika.v16i4.7308
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Summary
This paper addresses the challenges associated with grid-connected electric vehicle (EV) charging, specifically the issues of harmonics, voltage drop, system instability, and grid overloading caused by substantial EV adoption. To mitigate these power quality issues while ensuring efficient battery charging, the authors propose a novel design for a universal EV charger utilizing a Voltage-Oriented Control (VOC) algorithm. The system is designed to provide stable constant-current or constant-voltage charging for electric buses while maintaining unity power factor and minimizing total harmonic distortion (THD) on the grid side. The proposed system employs a three-phase pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifier controlled by a digital signal processor (DSP), specifically the Texas Instruments TMS320F28335. The control strategy is based on mathematical modeling using the synchronous reference direct-quadrature (dq) frame. By applying Park transformation, the three-phase AC currents are decoupled into active (d-axis) and reactive (q-axis) components. The VOC algorithm utilizes proportional-integral (PI) controllers to regulate the d-axis current for active power balance and the q-axis current to zero, thereby ensuring unity power factor. The design was validated through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental testing on a laboratory prototype. Key parameters included a 50 Hz supply frequency, 12 kHz switching frequency, 5 mH input inductance, and a 2200 μF DC-link capacitor. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the VOC algorithm in regulating DC-link voltage and current. In low-power simulations with a 110 V input, the system maintained a regulated 100 V DC output with a THD of 3.36% and negligible current ripples (0.01). For high-power applications suitable for Level 3 fast charging of electric buses, the system operated with a 700 V three-phase input, regulating the DC voltage to 650 V. In this scenario, the input current remained nearly sinusoidal with a THD of 4.11%, which is below the 5% threshold. Experimental results confirmed that the AC input current remained in phase with the AC voltage, achieving almost unity power factor and stable DC output despite step changes in voltage reference. The significance of this work lies in its demonstration of a robust, DSP-implemented control strategy that meets stringent power quality requirements for grid-connected EV chargers. The proposed VOC algorithm effectively decouples active and reactive power control, resulting in an overall efficiency exceeding 97% in simulations. By minimizing harmonic distortion and maintaining unity power factor, the design reduces stress on the power grid while providing the stable, high-performance charging necessary for large-scale EV infrastructure, particularly for electric buses and lorries.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 5 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| enrich | success | openalex | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 4 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-26 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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