Hybridized Renewable Energy for Smart Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Systems

Amertet, Sairoel; Gebresenbet, Girma · 2023 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1177/01445987231209770

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Summary

This study addresses the integration of hybridized renewable energy sources—specifically wind and solar—into smart Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems. The research is motivated by the intermittent nature of renewable energy and the need for stable grid infrastructure. By leveraging electric vehicles (EVs) as mobile energy storage units, the authors aim to create a system where vehicles store energy from solar and wind sources and discharge it back to the grid during peak demand periods. This bidirectional energy flow seeks to stabilize the grid, reduce hazardous emissions, and lower operational costs for vehicle owners by optimizing charging times. To evaluate this framework, the authors developed mathematical models for photovoltaic (PV) and wind power generation, incorporating battery state-of-charge (SOC) dynamics. Simulations were conducted using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment over 24-hour periods for three distinct user scenarios: (1) workers with workplace charging access, (2) workers with workplace charging but longer commutes, and (3) workers without workplace charging access. The simulations accounted for variable solar irradiance, fluctuating wind speeds, and typical residential load patterns. The models assumed parallel connections for voltage regulation and utilized specific constraints, such as maintaining an SOC above 10% to enable discharging. The results demonstrated that the hybridized system effectively regulated voltage and managed power flow across all scenarios. Key estimated values included a home load of 10 MW, a smart car-to-grid contribution of 4 MW, solar farm output of 8 MW, and wind farm output of 4.5 MW. Comparative analysis revealed that the hybrid system outperformed single-source systems; for instance, electricity generated for home loads was 53.8% higher than that from a solar-only system and 45% higher than from a wind-only system. The study also highlighted that reactive power was associated with industrial loads and power factors, while real power drove the primary energy exchange. Battery SOC levels remained stable, confirming the feasibility of using EVs as virtual power plants. The significance of this work lies in demonstrating the viability of hybridized renewable energy for stabilizing smart grids through V2G technology. The findings suggest that combining wind and solar resources mitigates the intermittency issues inherent in single-source systems, providing more consistent power output. Furthermore, the ability of EV fleets to act as distributed storage units offers economic benefits by allowing charging during low-demand periods and discharging during peaks. This approach supports grid stability, reduces reliance on expensive backup power plants, and provides a scalable solution for integrating renewable energy into modern power systems.

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• v2x connected vehicle