The Road to Acceptance: A Theory of Planned Behavior Analysis of Indonesian Public Intentions Towards Autonomous Vehicles
DOI: 10.1109/icts58770.2023.10330866
archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified
Get this paper ↗ (DOI — opens at the source; we link to it, we don't host it)
Summary
This study investigates the factors influencing public intention to use autonomous vehicles (AVs) in Indonesia, a developing country context where such research has been limited. Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the authors examined intentions toward two distinct levels of automation: partial autonomy (Level 2, PAVs) and full autonomy (Level 5, FAVs). The research addresses a gap in existing literature, which has predominantly focused on developed nations, by exploring how cultural and psychosocial factors shape acceptance in a different socioeconomic setting. Data were collected via an online survey between February and May 2023, resulting in two separate sample sets: 640 participants for PAVs and 593 for FAVs. The majority of respondents were students aged 17–24 residing in urban areas. The study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the relationships between TPB constructs—attitude toward behavior (ATB), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC)—and the intention to use (IU) AVs. The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity, with all constructs significantly predicting future intentions for both vehicle types. The results revealed moderate predictive power for the TPB models, explaining 50.3% of the variance in intention to use PAVs and 59.2% for FAVs. Crucially, the strongest predictors differed by automation level. For PAVs, subjective norms were the most significant predictor (β = 0.365), followed by perceived behavioral control (β = 0.312). In contrast, for FAVs, perceived behavioral control was the dominant factor (β = 0.437), followed by subjective norms (β = 0.364). Attitude toward behavior was the weakest predictor for both groups, a finding that contrasts with many prior studies in Western contexts. The findings suggest that Indonesian public acceptance of PAVs is heavily influenced by social pressure and the opinions of peers, indicating that awareness and social influence are critical drivers for partially autonomous systems. Conversely, acceptance of fully autonomous vehicles relies more on users' confidence in their ability to interact with and control the technology, highlighting the need for user empowerment and trust in system reliability. The study concludes that while TPB is a useful framework, cultural differences necessitate tailored approaches for AV adoption in developing countries, and future research should incorporate additional variables such as trust and perceived risk to better explain usage intentions.
Key finding
Subjective norms were the strongest predictor of intention to use partial autonomous vehicles, while perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor for fully autonomous vehicles.
Methodology
survey
Sample size: 1233
Provenance
The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed. Discovered via author_sweep_intake on 2026-05-28.
| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | author_sweep | — | — | 2 | 2026-05-28 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-06 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 3 | 2026-06-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| enrich | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-28 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 15 | 2026-06-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified.
Topics
Ranked by relevance to this paper. Hover a topic for its definition.
Information type
What kind of knowledge this paper contributes, grouped by family — independent of topic (what it is about) and method (how it was studied).
- Empirical Findings: self report data