Modelling and system impact of large-scale electric vehicles charging at the medium voltage transmission system

Khan, Asif · 2026 · Crossref

DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2026.29.1.0073

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Summary

This paper investigates the impact of large-scale electric vehicle (EV) integration on medium-voltage transmission systems, specifically focusing on the 132kV grid. While existing literature predominantly examines low-voltage distribution networks, this study addresses the insufficient exploration of how rapid EV charging affects higher-level transmission infrastructure. The research is motivated by the need to understand how increased power demand, voltage disturbances, line overloading, and harmonic distortions from EV charging degrade power quality and reduce the lifespan of grid equipment. The study employs mathematical modeling and simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK to analyze power flow, voltage quality, and harmonic effects. The simulated network models a standard configuration where power is generated at 23kV, transmitted at 132kV, and stepped down to 400V/230V for distribution. The model incorporates specific conductor parameters (Araucaria AAAC type) and simulates various EV loads, including hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery-powered vehicles. The analysis compares three charging scenarios: uncontrolled home charging, controlled off-peak charging, and fast charging at stations. Additionally, the paper details the energy conversion mechanisms within EVs, including IGBT switching, constant V/f control for induction motors, and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), while providing equations for switching losses and battery capacity degradation. Key findings indicate that large-scale EV charging significantly disrupts grid stability. Uncontrolled charging during peak demand causes voltage drops of approximately 5%, while fast charging results in more severe voltage reductions of up to 10% and induces significant transients and harmonics. The study demonstrates that connecting high numbers of EVs (up to 100,000 units in simulation) leads to overcurrent conditions, increased power losses, and three-phase imbalances, which can potentially cause short circuits if loads are not evenly distributed. Furthermore, fast charging accelerates battery degradation due to elevated temperatures and high current draw. Conversely, controlled charging during off-peak hours showed minimal impact on power flow parameters. The significance of this research lies in highlighting the critical need for smart grid management to accommodate the growing EV fleet. The authors conclude that to mitigate power quality issues and equipment damage, EV loads must be evenly distributed across all three phases and managed through smart control systems that balance peak and off-peak demands. The study suggests that integrating modern electronic communication systems with substations can help auto-heal power fluctuations, ensuring grid reliability as EV adoption scales.

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