Level of Services (LOS) for Public Bus and Passenger’s Aspiration in Kerian District, Malaysia
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Summary
This study evaluates the Level of Service (LOS) for public bus transportation in Kerian District, Perak, Malaysia, aiming to analyze passenger aspirations and identify gaps between current service supply and user demand. The research is motivated by the need for efficient public transport to support sustainable development, reduce road congestion, and improve accessibility for those unable to drive. The primary objectives were to identify the existing public transportation system and analyze the potential gaps in demand and supply within the district. The methodology employed on-board intercept surveys and Geographical Information System (GIS)/Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking to collect primary data. Enumerators recorded passenger boarding and alighting patterns, bus speeds, and stop locations across three primary routes operated by Red Omnibus Sdn. Bhd. Additionally, a structured questionnaire was administered to 100 passengers to assess satisfaction and specific service expectations. The study utilized established LOS thresholds for passengers per seat, service frequency, transit speed, and hours of service to evaluate performance. Findings revealed that only 39% of respondents were satisfied with the current bus service, while 37% were fairly dissatisfied and 2% very dissatisfied. A significant generational gap was identified: younger passengers (15–45 years) strongly preferred intelligent systems, such as electronic ticketing and air-conditioned buses, whereas older passengers were more tolerant of current conditions. LOS assessments showed mixed results; Routes 3 and 5 achieved Grade A for passenger loading and frequency but Grade D for hours of service. Route 8 performed better in frequency (Grade C) but worse in speed (Grade E). Overall, the study highlighted issues such as persistent delays, unclear bus laybys, and discontinued routes, despite a high demand where 68% of respondents preferred using public buses at least three days per week. The study concludes that Kerian District requires significant improvements to align public transport services with passenger aspirations and international best practices. Recommendations include introducing electronic ticketing, upgrading bus infrastructure with air conditioning and ergonomic seating, and implementing dedicated bus lanes to improve speed and frequency. The authors also suggest diversifying routes, integrating bus and train services, and enhancing stop facilities with shelters and real-time information displays. These measures are intended to improve the overall efficiency of the transport system, support economic growth, and provide a more sustainable mobility solution for residents.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-24 |
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| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
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| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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