MULTI-CRITERION EVALUATION OF SAFETY AND MOBILITY IMPROVEMENTS IN PEDESTRIAN AND RAIL TRAFFIC FLOW INTERSECTION ZONES: A CASE STUDY FROM ZAGREB, CROATIA
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Summary
This study addresses the critical safety and mobility challenges posed by illegal pedestrian trespassing on railway tracks, specifically within the Vrapče settlement in Zagreb, Croatia. Despite the presence of official crossings, pedestrians frequently use improvised "wild crossings" due to infrastructure deficiencies, resulting in significant risks of fatal accidents. The research is motivated by statistical data indicating that unauthorized persons constitute the majority of railway fatalities in Europe and Croatia, with nine deaths and nine injuries recorded in the study area between 2014 and 2024. The paper aims to identify optimal infrastructure solutions that eliminate trespassing while enhancing pedestrian safety and urban mobility. The methodology combines field data collection with multi-criteria decision-making. Researchers analyzed historical accident statistics, infrastructure conditions, and real-time traffic flows using video surveillance during peak and off-peak hours. The study identified two critical locations where illegal crossings occurred: one near the Vrapče railway stop and another near Oranice Street. Existing underpasses were found to be inadequate due to issues such as lack of accessibility for disabled individuals, poor lighting, graffiti, and excessive distance from pedestrian origins. Three solution variants were proposed: Variant 1 involved installing fences and anti-trespass panels; Variant 2 added new underpasses and an elevator; and Variant 3 included comprehensive underpasses with elevators at all entrances and a dedicated bicycle path. These variants were evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on criteria including safety, urban mobility, economic indicators, spatial planning, infrastructure lifespan, and social impact. The results of the AHP analysis identified Variant 3 as the optimal solution, scoring 0.586 compared to 0.240 for Variant 2 and 0.174 for Variant 1. Variant 3 prioritizes safety through spatial separation of flows and prevents access to the tracks via fencing. It significantly improves mobility by providing accessible underpasses for pedestrians, cyclists, and individuals with disabilities, along with a separate bicycle path. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that Variant 3 remained optimal unless implementation costs were disproportionately high. The study concludes that targeted infrastructure upgrades, particularly those enhancing accessibility and convenience, are essential for discouraging illegal crossings. The authors emphasize that physical measures must be complemented by public education and monitoring to ensure long-term behavioral change and safety improvements.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-24 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-24 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-25 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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