On the Integration of Enabling Wireless Technologies and Sensor Fusion for Next-Generation Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

Butt, Faran Awais; Chattha, Jawwad Nasar; Ahmad, Jameel; Zia, Muhammad Umer; Rizwan, Muhammad; Naqvi, Ijaz Haider · 2022 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.1109/access.2022.3145972

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Summary

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the integration of enabling wireless technologies and sensor fusion for next-generation Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). The research is motivated by the automotive industry’s transition toward intelligent transportation systems to mitigate traffic congestion, reduce accidents caused by human error, and enhance driver safety. The authors aim to provide industry stakeholders with insights into state-of-the-art technologies, practices, and future trends in the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) domains. The study examines the hardware and software architectures required for CAVs, focusing on two primary pillars: data acquisition via sensor fusion and communication infrastructure. Regarding sensing, the paper reviews various devices including RADAR, LiDAR, cameras, ultrasonic sensors, Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), and GPS. It details the strengths and limitations of each, noting that while RADAR performs well in extreme weather, LiDAR offers higher resolution but struggles in such conditions. The review also covers intra-vehicle communication protocols, distinguishing between wired standards like Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), FlexRay, and Ethernet, and wireless standards such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, and WiFi. For inter-vehicle communication, the paper analyzes Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), categorizing technologies by range (short, medium, and long) and discussing protocols for V2V, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and V2X interactions. Key findings highlight the complexity of CAV systems, which rely on Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to process sensory data for perception, localization, and decision-making. The paper outlines the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) levels of automation (L0–L5), explaining the progression from driver assistance to full automation. In the communication domain, the authors identify critical research thrusts, including routing protocols (position-based, topology-based, cluster-based, and geocast), congestion control mechanisms for safety messages, and the application of Software Defined Networking (SDN) to reduce management complexity. The review also addresses the role of Big Data and Edge Computing in handling the high data rates and low latency requirements of CAVs. The significance of this work lies in its holistic assessment of the technological ecosystem supporting autonomous mobility. By synthesizing information on sensor fusion techniques and wireless networking standards, the paper identifies current challenges such as dynamic topology, link disruption, and security. It concludes by outlining future directions for 5G and 6G integration and sensor data fusion, providing a foundational reference for optimizing the design and deployment strategies of future Internet of Vehicles (IoV) frameworks.

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• v2x connected vehicle