A Mathematical Model-Based Integrated Decision-Making Approach for Lithium Battery Manufacturers Evaluation

Wang, Chia-Nan; Imperial, Kristofer Neal Castro; Nhieu, Nhat-Luong; Trieu, Nguyen Dang Minh · 2024 · DOAJ

DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3370990

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Summary

This study addresses the challenge of selecting lithium-ion battery manufacturers for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), a critical decision given the transportation sector’s significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions. While BEVs offer substantial emission reductions, the wide variety of battery producers complicates informed decision-making for consumers, investors, and stakeholders. The authors aim to close this gap by providing a comprehensive, data-driven evaluation of top lithium battery manufacturers, moving beyond individual battery specifications to assess overall manufacturer performance and efficiency. To achieve this, the researchers developed an integrated decision-making approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods. They evaluated ten leading lithium battery manufacturers (including Toyota, Tesla, Ford, BMW, and others) based on their performance from 2019 to 2021. The quantitative assessment utilized the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI), derived from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to measure changes in technical efficiency and technological progress over time using financial data from global stock markets. The qualitative assessment employed the Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA), a multi-criteria decision-making method that uses expert ordinal judgments to weigh criteria such as energy density and safety without requiring pairwise comparisons or complete numerical data. Pearson correlation tests were used to validate the isotropic relationship between DEA inputs and outputs. The results revealed distinct rankings based on the two methodologies. In terms of average MPI efficiency, Ford, BMW, and Tesla demonstrated the highest performance, indicating superior productivity growth and technical efficiency improvements during the study period. Conversely, the OPA rankings, which reflect expert assessments of qualitative factors, placed Toyota, Hyundai, and Mercedes-Benz in the highest positions. By integrating these results, the study provides a comparative overview that highlights both efficient producers and those with strong qualitative attributes. The significance of this work lies in its novel integration of quantitative productivity metrics with qualitative expert evaluations, offering a more holistic view of manufacturer performance than single-method approaches. This framework provides a transparent, open platform for stakeholders to make informed choices regarding battery technology and sustainable mobility. The findings help identify opportunities for development among less efficient manufacturers and guide consumers and investors toward manufacturers that balance operational efficiency with critical battery performance factors, ultimately supporting the broader transition to sustainable transportation.

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