Assessment of results of pollutant emission inventory of the road transport sector in Poland in 2000–2015
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Summary
This study assesses the results of the pollutant emission inventory for the road transport sector in Poland between 2000 and 2015. The research was motivated by the need to quantify environmental loading from mobile sources, which cannot be measured directly and must be modeled. The work was conducted by the National Centre for Emissions Management (KOBiZE) to fulfill reporting obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and to align with European Union standards. The authors utilized the COPERT 4 program, the EU-recommended tool for calculating emissions from road transport, to model annual national emissions. The modeling process involved classifying vehicles into cumulated categories (e.g., passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, buses, motorcycles) based on operational purpose, size, fuel type, and emission control technology (Euro standards). Key input data included fleet sizes derived from the Central Register of Vehicles and Drivers, annual mileage estimates based on transport work and technical indicators, and driving mode characteristics (urban, extra-urban, and highway shares and average velocities). The model accounted for emissions from internal combustion engines at stabilized temperatures, during heating processes, and from fuel evaporation. The results indicate a marked downward trend in the annual national emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over the 15-year period. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) showed a downward trend starting from 2007, while carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions remained approximately stable from 2011 onward. Passenger cars were identified as the predominant source of CO, VOC, and CO2 emissions, whereas motor trucks contributed significantly to NOx and PM emissions. Additionally, the study determined average specific distance emission and emission factor values for an equivalent motor vehicle, confirming a clear improvement in the environmental properties of the vehicle fleet. The significance of these findings lies in the demonstration of substantial technological progress in automotive engineering within Poland. The reduction in pollutant emissions is attributed to stricter emission regulations and improved vehicle technologies. The study concludes that these advancements have led to a considerable reduction in the environmental loading caused by road transport, validating the effectiveness of the implemented emission control measures and modeling methodologies.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-25 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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