Share of road transport in greenhouse gas emissions in Poland in 1988–2015
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Summary
This study analyzes the contribution of road transport to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Poland between 1988 and 2015. The research was motivated by Poland’s obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, which require rigorous monitoring and reporting of national GHG inventories. The authors aimed to quantify the specific impact of road transport on the intensification of the greenhouse effect, distinguishing it from other emission sources such as energy production, industry, agriculture, and waste. The analysis utilized official data compiled by the National Centre for Emissions Management and Balancing (KOBiZE) at the Institute of Environmental Protection. The methodology followed the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Emissions were calculated using the COPERT 4 software, which estimates emissions based on vehicle-specific distance emissions and total distance traveled. The study converted emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) into carbon dioxide equivalents using established global warming potentials. The results indicate that CO2 dominated total GHG emissions, accounting for more than 80% of the carbon dioxide equivalent, despite methane and nitrous oxide having significantly higher individual warming potentials. While the national annual emission of carbon dioxide equivalent from all inventoried sources decreased by approximately 32% between 1988 and 2015, emissions from the transport sector increased by about 93%, and those specifically from road transport rose by 117%. The share of road transport in total national GHG emissions grew from 4% in 1988 to approximately 12% in 2015. Within road transport, passenger cars were the primary contributors, responsible for 50% to 60% of emissions. The authors attribute the rise in total transport emissions to a significant increase in the number of vehicles, noting that technical progress has reduced the average annual CO2 equivalent emission per conventional car since 1998. The study concludes that while overall national emissions declined, the transport sector remains a growing source of GHGs in Poland. The findings highlight a divergence between national trends and transport-specific trends, suggesting that vehicle proliferation outweighs efficiency gains. This underscores the importance of monitoring transport emissions separately to inform policy decisions aimed at meeting international climate commitments.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-25 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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