Average heart rate for driver monitoring systems
DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2016.083521
archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified
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Summary
This study investigates the role of dual-task interference in working memory by examining workload capacity using a novel dual two-back task. The authors aim to distinguish between dual-task interference, which occurs between maintenance and manipulation operations within a trial, and proactive interference, which arises between trials. To achieve this, they utilized a redundant-target response design where participants monitor both auditory and visual streams, responding affirmatively if either stimulus matches the item presented two trials prior. This design allows for the application of Townsend and Nozawa’s workload capacity measure to determine if performance decrements are mediated by shared processing capacity. The experiment involved 311 undergraduate participants who completed the "gatekeeper" task, a modified dual n-back task featuring high and constant proactive interference due to small stimulus sets. Participants performed both single-task blocks (monitoring only auditory or visual stimuli) and dual-task blocks (monitoring both). To control for response bias, half the participants were assigned to a condition with 50% target trials in dual blocks, while the other half experienced 75% target trials. Performance was measured via accuracy and response times (RTs). Additionally, participants completed an operation span (OSPAN) task to assess convergent validity with established complex-span measures. Data were analyzed using Bayes factor methods to evaluate model evidence and reliability metrics. Results indicated that dual-task demands significantly reduced both speed and accuracy compared to single-task conditions. Specifically, accuracy was higher in single blocks (89%) than in dual blocks (79%), with strong statistical evidence supporting this difference. The workload capacity analysis revealed that the decrement in dual two-back performance was mediated by the sharing of a limited amount of processing capacity, rather than unlimited capacity. Furthermore, the gatekeeper task demonstrated high reliability, particularly for mean RT and accuracy measures. When response bias was minimized in the 50% target condition, accuracy in the gatekeeper task showed a stronger correlation with OSPAN scores than is typically found in standard single or dual n-back tasks. The significance of these findings lies in the validation of the gatekeeper task as a robust measure of working memory capacity. The study demonstrates that this task provides more reliable performance metrics than many existing n-back variants due to its consistent level of proactive interference. Moreover, the strong correlation with complex-span tasks suggests that the gatekeeper task effectively captures the executive control aspects of working memory. By successfully applying systems factorial technology to memory processes, the research offers a rigorous method for quantifying individual differences in workload capacity and understanding the limits of multitasking in cognitive systems.
Key finding
Average heart rate increased as secondary tasks became more demanding, with younger drivers showing increased heart rate compared to older drivers under high workload, supporting heart rate as a driver monitoring metric.
Methodology
on_road
Sample size: 136
Provenance
The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed. Discovered via tag_papers on 2026-05-30 (3 acquisition events logged).
| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-06 |
| archive | failed | pmc | — | — | 12 | 2026-06-04 |
| extract | success | pdf_extracted | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
| clean | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-01 |
| chunk | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-01 |
| embed | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-02 |
| enrich | success | openalex | — | — | 3 | 2026-07-02 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-06 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 17 | 2026-06-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified.
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- Empirical Findings: physiological data, behavioral performance data, observational prevalence