Exploring the transition to electric motorcycles and its role in multimodal travel in the Jakarta metropolitan area

Firmansyah, Dedy; Irawan, Muhammad Zudhy; Rizki, Muhamad; Amrozi, Mukhammad Rizka Fahmi; Kato, Hironori; Chalermpong, Saksith; Thaithatkul, Phathinan; Alvarez, Daniel del Barrio · 2025 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.1007/s43621-025-01908-0

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Summary

This study investigates the transition from conventional motorcycles (CMs) to electric motorcycles (EMs) and their integration with public transportation (PT) in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. Motivated by the dominance of CMs in Indonesian urban mobility and the associated issues of congestion, safety, and environmental degradation, the research addresses a gap in literature regarding EMs as first-mile connectors to PT systems rather than standalone alternatives. The study aims to identify factors influencing commuter preferences for EM adoption and multimodal travel, specifically examining how sociodemographic profiles, trip characteristics, and latent psychological motivations shape these decisions. The methodology employs a Mixed Logit (MXL) model to analyze data from 580 commuters in the Bodetabek region who travel to Jakarta and express willingness to adopt EMs. Data were collected via a stated preference survey using a D-efficient discrete choice experiment design, which presented respondents with four alternatives: standalone CM, standalone EM, CM integrated with PT, and EM integrated with PT. The experimental design varied attributes such as travel time, cost, access time, waiting time, and parking fees. Three models were developed: Model 1 included travel attributes; Model 2 added sociodemographic and trip characteristics; and Model 3 incorporated latent motivational factors like flexibility, efficiency, and resilience. Elasticity analysis was also conducted to evaluate sensitivity to attribute changes. Results indicate that all travel attributes negatively impact mode utility, meaning higher time or cost reduces the likelihood of choosing a specific mode. The inclusion of demographic and latent variables significantly improved model fit and revealed behavioral heterogeneity. Older and more educated commuters demonstrated greater openness to EMs and integrated modes, while those with longer travel durations favored integration. Conversely, high-frequency CM users tended to resist switching. Environmental awareness increased the likelihood of choosing EMs as a first-mile connection to PT. Psychological motivations played a distinct role: flexibility promoted EM use, perceived efficiency discouraged integration, and resilience reinforced loyalty to CMs. Elasticity analysis confirmed that even slight increases in travel cost or time could shift users back to conventional motorcycles. The findings underscore the need for targeted policies to facilitate sustainable mode shifts. The authors conclude that successful EM adoption and PT integration require not only infrastructure improvements, such as park-and-ride facilities and charging stations, and financial incentives, but also behavioral strategies addressing commuter motivations. Tailored outreach based on age, education, and environmental concern is essential. The study highlights that integrating EMs with PT can mitigate range anxiety and reduce private vehicle reliance, provided that policies address both the practical barriers and the psychological drivers of commuter behavior.

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