Look who's talking now: Implications of AV's explanations on driver's trust, AV preference, anxiety and mental workload

Du, Na; Yang, X. Jessie; Robert, Lionel · 2019 · arXiv

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Summary

This paper reports the first observation of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) in a propagating mechanical field, specifically using surface acoustic waves (SAW). The research addresses the challenge of engineering quantum interference effects in circuit quantum electrodynamics architectures coupled to open transmission lines. While EIT has been demonstrated in atomic systems and optomechanical devices, previous attempts in superconducting circuits coupled to transmission lines were often misidentified as Autler-Townes splitting. The authors demonstrate that by exploiting the strong frequency dependence of piezoelectric coupling, superconducting circuits can be engineered to interact with acoustic fields in regimes that enable genuine EIT. The experimental setup utilizes a superconducting transmon qubit fabricated on a gallium arsenide substrate, coupled to a one-dimensional SAW transmission line via an interdigitated transducer (IDT). The IDT’s periodic structure restricts the acoustic coupling bandwidth, allowing the researchers to tune the qubit’s transition frequencies such that the coupling to the first excited state is maximized while coupling to the second excited state is suppressed. This creates a ladder-type three-level system where the spontaneous emission rate from the first to the ground state ($\Gamma_{10}$) significantly exceeds the rate from the second to the first state ($\Gamma_{21}$). A weak SAW probe beam interacts with the $|0\rangle \leftrightarrow |1\rangle$ transition, while an electromagnetic microwave drive serves as the control field for the $|1\rangle \leftrightarrow |2\rangle$ transition. The authors measured both reflection and transmission coefficients, sweeping the control field’s frequency and amplitude while keeping the probe resonant. The results confirm the presence of EIT through the appearance of a narrow transparent window in the acoustic absorption spectrum. Analysis of the reflection data yielded a decoherence rate for the upper level of $\gamma_{20}/2\pi = 4.94 \pm 0.14$ MHz, while transmission measurements provided a consistent estimate of $4.5 \pm 0.6$ MHz. The study distinguishes EIT from Autler-Townes splitting by analyzing the poles of the reflection coefficient; EIT occurs when the control drive strength is below a specific threshold ($\Omega_c < \gamma_{10} - \gamma_{20}$), which corresponds to a control power of -45 dBm in this system. Below this threshold, the transparency arises from destructive interference of excitation pathways, whereas higher powers lead to Autler-Townes splitting. The significance of this work lies in demonstrating that quantum interference can be controlled between acoustically and electromagnetically driven excitations. This capability suggests applications in phononic quantum information architectures, where SAW phonons can couple disparate quantum systems. Furthermore, the ability to engineer relaxation rates via frequency-dependent acoustic coupling opens new possibilities for quantum acoustic experiments, such as generating population inversion or achieving slow sound propagation. The observed EIT window resulted in a group velocity reduction factor of approximately three, with potential for larger delays through improved coherence or the use of artificial atom arrays.

Key finding

AV explanations are not uniformly beneficial: framing matters - 'why' explanations support emotional valence and acceptance, while 'how' explanations alone can degrade performance, indicating explanation design must balance trust calibration with workload.

Methodology

simulator

Provenance

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Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified_with_issues.

Topics

Ranked by relevance to this paper. Hover a topic for its definition.

• trust calibration
• acceptance adoption
• automation surprise
• automation
• trust in automation foundations
• situational awareness

Information type

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• Empirical Findings: self report data
• Theoretical Contribution: theory or model, conceptual framework