Conceptual Design of a Smart Parking Lot System for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

ERHAN, Koray; AYAZ, Murat; ICER, Yusuf · 2018 · Crossref

DOI: 10.17694/bajece.410230

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Summary

This paper addresses the challenges associated with the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), specifically focusing on power grid overload, limited charging infrastructure, and high installation costs. The authors propose a conceptual design for a smart parking lot system that integrates collective charging services with an energy management algorithm to mitigate grid stress. The system is designed to provide users with online booking assistance, navigation to charging stations, and real-time monitoring of battery status and payments via a mobile application. A key innovation is the inclusion of a battery sharing feature, allowing vehicles with full batteries to supply energy to those with low charge, thereby preventing grid overload and providing financial incentives to participating drivers. The proposed system is designed for high-traffic locations such as hospitals and airports, where power interruptions are critical. The conceptual design includes a parking facility with a capacity for 16 vehicles and eight charging stations. The automation system utilizes a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to manage energy distribution and monitor charging stations, communicating with an operator panel, PC, and mobile application via a communication network. The energy management algorithm prioritizes scheduled charging requests while evaluating instantaneous power grid demand and vehicle battery state of charge. The system distinguishes between low and high power demand periods; during high demand, it diverts energy requirements from the grid to the batteries of other parked vehicles that have granted permission for battery sharing. The study highlights that EV charging during peak hours exacerbates power quality issues, including voltage fluctuations and transformer wear. By utilizing battery sharing during these peak times, the system balances the 24-hour energy demand, keeping consumption near average levels. The mobile application facilitates this process by allowing users to reserve spots, request charging, and opt into battery sharing. Users who permit battery sharing receive discounts, encouraging participation. The algorithm ensures that if no reservation is made, charging is only possible if parking space is available, while reserved users can initiate charging at their planned times. The significance of this work lies in its potential to integrate EVs into the power grid as a stabilizing resource rather than a burden. By leveraging the idle time of parked vehicles (averaging 22–23 hours per day), the system eliminates extra waiting times for charging and reduces the need for new power generation infrastructure. The battery sharing mechanism not only prevents grid overload and improves power quality but also creates a revenue stream for vehicle owners. This approach offers a scalable solution for managing the electrical load associated with widespread EV adoption, particularly in critical infrastructure settings where reliable power supply is essential.

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• v2x connected vehicle