Delivering Energy from PEV batteries: V2G, V2B and V2H approaches

García-Villalobos, J.; Zamora, I.; San Martín, J.I.; Junquera, I.; Eguía, P. · 2017 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.24084/repqj13.247

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Summary

This paper reviews the strategies, technologies, and commercial applications for delivering energy from Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) batteries through three distinct approaches: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). The research is motivated by the under-utilization of private vehicles, which are parked approximately 96% of the time, and the potential to leverage their stored energy (5–40 kWh) for economic and grid stability benefits. The authors analyze the feasibility of these concepts based on current battery technology, primarily Lithium-ion (Li-Ion), noting that while costs have decreased and energy density improved, battery degradation due to cycling remains a critical constraint. Consequently, strategies must limit the depth of discharge (DoD) to preserve battery life. The study categorizes the integration methods by scale and complexity. V2H utilizes a single PEV to support home loads, integrate local distributed energy resources, and provide backup power via a Home Energy Management System (HEMS). V2B operates at the building level, managing fleets of PEVs to reduce peak power demand and electricity bills through a Building Energy Management System (BEMS); simulations suggest a 3 kW charging rate and 5% DoD limit offer a balanced solution for office buildings. V2G is the most complex architecture, involving aggregators that manage large numbers of PEVs to provide ancillary services to distribution system operators, such as frequency regulation and voltage support. The paper highlights that V2G requires significant communication infrastructure and regulatory frameworks, whereas V2H and V2B are easier to implement and offer more immediate, visible advantages to users. Key findings indicate that the economic viability of V2G depends heavily on charger power rather than battery size, with market saturation reducing profits as more vehicles participate. The authors compare the three approaches, noting that V2G offers the highest potential for grid reliability and renewable energy integration but faces barriers regarding regulation and prediction complexity. In contrast, V2H and V2B require less investment and external entities. The review identifies several pilot projects, including Nissan’s “Leaf to Home” (commercially available in Japan), Nissan’s V2B trials, and various V2G initiatives like SMARTV2G and the Nikola Project. The paper concludes that while V2G is the most ambitious concept, V2H and V2B are currently more practical for immediate market introduction due to their simpler implementation and direct user benefits.

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• v2x connected vehicle