Accident Risk Analysis at Level Crossings Based on Physical and Operational Characteristics (Case Study: Crossing Points in Medan City Area)
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Summary
This study addresses the high accident risk at railway level crossings in Indonesia, specifically focusing on urban areas like Medan where many crossings lack adequate safety infrastructure. The research aims to evaluate accident risks and propose mitigation strategies by adapting the Australian Level Crossing Assessment Model (ALCAM) to Indonesian conditions. This approach bridges a gap in local safety assessments, which traditionally rely on historical accident data rather than integrated quantitative frameworks combining physical and operational characteristics. The researchers conducted a quantitative risk assessment at three selected crossings in Medan: KM 9+30 on the Medan–Binjai line (an unguarded crossing), and JPL 1 (KM 0+640) and JPL 4 (KM 1+325) on the Medan–Tanjung Balai line (guarded crossings). Data were collected through field observations, interviews with crossing attendants, and secondary records from transport authorities, covering infrastructure inventory, traffic volumes, train frequencies, and accident history from 2015–2024. The ALCAM framework calculated risk scores by integrating infrastructure, exposure, and consequence factors. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to identify dominant risk variables. The results indicated significant variations in risk levels among the sites. The ungated crossing at KM 9+30 had a risk score of 0.053, while JPL 1 recorded the highest risk at 0.136, and JPL 4 scored 0.076. The elevated risk at JPL 1 was attributed to its function as a major arterial road with high traffic volume, particularly motorcycles, and frequent rule violations. Simulated mitigation strategies, such as infrastructure improvements, substantially reduced these risks. Post-mitigation risk scores dropped to 0.020 for KM 9+30, 0.051 for JPL 1, and 0.038 for JPL 4. Correspondingly, the estimated years between fatalities increased significantly, demonstrating the effectiveness of targeted interventions. The study concludes that ALCAM provides a reliable, evidence-based framework for quantifying risks and prioritizing safety improvements at level crossings in Indonesia. By synthesizing physical and operational factors, the model offers a more comprehensive assessment than traditional methods. The findings support national railway safety policies by identifying specific vulnerabilities and validating mitigation measures that can reduce collision probabilities and fatality rates. This research highlights the importance of integrating multidisciplinary quantitative approaches to enhance railway safety in developing contexts.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
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| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-20 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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