Social norms and perceptions of Saudis on active transportation

Hasan, Raed Abdullah; Alhomaidat, Fadi; Albdour, Mohammad S. · 2024 · Crossref

DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2024.1369704

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Summary

This study investigates the cultural and social factors influencing active transportation (walking and cycling) in Saudi Arabia, specifically within Jeddah. The research addresses the low prevalence of active transport in the Kingdom, which contributes to traffic congestion, high carbon emissions, and a rise in non-communicable diseases linked to sedentary lifestyles. While infrastructure deficits and extreme heat are known barriers, the authors aim to understand how social norms, gender roles, and cultural perceptions specifically impede the adoption of walking and cycling among Saudis. The researchers conducted an online survey distributed via university emails and social media platforms in 2019, targeting staff and students at King Abdulaziz University. The final sample comprised approximately 800 participants (656 Saudis and 144 non-Saudis), with a gender split of 65% male and 35% female. The questionnaire assessed demographic data, transportation habits, and perceptions of cultural barriers. Data analysis employed Pearson chi-square tests to examine differences in responses between sexes and logistic regression to identify predictors of modal choice, including variables such as distance, age, social values, family size, citizenship, and road safety. The results indicate that active transportation is virtually non-existent for daily commutes; no participants reported using bicycles, and very few walked to work or school. Gender significantly influenced perceived barriers. Female participants identified societal traditions and norms as the primary impediments to active transport. In contrast, males who expressed embarrassment about walking or cycling cited clothing requirements and social status as main barriers. Both genders identified the high temperature climate as a major obstacle. Statistical analysis revealed significant gender differences regarding social embarrassment, with 43% of females versus 15% of males reporting embarrassment. Furthermore, clothing and social habits were significantly more cited by females as reasons for embarrassment. Logistic regression identified distance from home to destination, age, social values, family size, citizenship, and road safety as significant predictors of transportation mode choice. The study concludes that cultural dimensions, particularly gender-specific social norms and perceptions of embarrassment, play a critical role in suppressing active transportation in Saudi Arabia. The findings highlight that infrastructure improvements alone are insufficient; successful promotion of active transport requires addressing deep-seated cultural and social barriers. The authors imply that urban planning and policy interventions must be gender-sensitive and culturally aware to effectively encourage walking and cycling, thereby improving public health and reducing environmental impacts.

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