Vehicle-to-Grid Power in Danish Electric Power Systems
DOI: 10.24084/repqj07.315
archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified
Get this paper ↗ (DOI — opens at the source; we link to it, we don't host it)
Summary
This paper investigates the feasibility of using Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology to support the large-scale integration of renewable energy, specifically wind and solar power, within the Danish electric power system. The research is motivated by the intermittent nature of renewable generation, which creates significant power imbalances and requires substantial balancing power. As Denmark aims to increase its renewable energy share to 50% by 2030, traditional methods of balancing, such as curtailing generation or relying on conventional generators, become increasingly complex and costly. The authors propose that the inherent energy storage capacity of electric vehicles (EVs), combined with their rapid response times, can provide necessary ancillary services like regulation and manual reserves to stabilize the grid. The study analyzes the Danish power system’s structure, noting its high penetration of wind energy (over 20% of generation) and its interconnections with neighboring countries. The authors calculate the potential V2G capacity based on the existing fleet of approximately 2 million light motor vehicles in Denmark, assuming an average daily travel distance of 36 km and a net available battery energy of 45 kWh per vehicle (based on Tesla Roadster specifications). The analysis focuses on two primary ancillary services: regulation (automatic frequency control requiring fast response) and manual reserves (spinning and standby reserves). The authors model the revenue potential for EV owners participating in these services, considering capacity and energy payments under current market conditions. They also estimate the number of EVs required to support specific renewable energy targets, assuming that 50% of the V2G fleet is available on demand. The results indicate that V2G can effectively meet the reserve power requirements for high renewable penetration with a relatively small portion of the vehicle fleet. To support 10% peak power from solar PV (1.3 GW), approximately 86,667 EVs are needed, representing 8.7% of the total fleet. For wind energy integration targeting 50% of electricity production, regulation services require about 37,134 EVs (3.8% of the fleet), while manual reserves require approximately 68,134 EVs (6.8% of the fleet). In all scenarios, the required V2G participation remains below 10% of the total vehicle fleet. Furthermore, the analysis shows that EV owners can earn significant annual revenues, particularly from regulation services, with earnings increasing for vehicles connected via higher-capacity power lines (e.g., 20 kW vs. 15 kW). The study concludes that V2G is a viable and realistic solution for stabilizing the Danish power system amidst increasing renewable energy integration. By utilizing less than 10% of the vehicle fleet, V2G can provide the necessary ancillary services to ensure grid stability. This approach not only addresses technical challenges related to power balance but also offers economic incentives for EV owners, promoting the adoption of electric vehicles. The findings suggest that V2G creates a synergistic relationship between renewable energy and transportation, facilitating carbon-free electricity and transportation while reducing reliance on conventional generation for balancing purposes.
Provenance
The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed.
| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-19 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
Topics
Ranked by relevance to this paper. Hover a topic for its definition.