Lightweight and Space-efficient Vehicle Authentication based on Cuckoo Filter

Kalalas, Charalampos; Alonso-Zarate, Jesus · 2020 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1109/5gwf49715.2020.9221363

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Summary

This paper addresses the security and latency challenges inherent in dense Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity scenarios within the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The authors identify that the standardized 5G Authentication and Key Agreement (5G-AKA) procedure suffers from excessive signaling overhead and unacceptable latency when handling a high volume of simultaneous authentication requests. This is particularly problematic for mission-critical safety applications and roaming scenarios. To mitigate these issues, the paper proposes a lightweight, space-efficient vehicle authentication mechanism that extends the 5G-AKA protocol by leveraging the probabilistic data structure known as the Cuckoo Filter. The proposed method modifies the standard 5G-AKA signaling flow to reduce message exchanges between the serving and home networks. Specifically, the Authentication Server Function (AUSF) in the home network generates a Cuckoo Filter containing fingerprints of expected responses (XRES*) for all vehicles requesting registration. This filter is transmitted to the Security Anchor Function (SEAF) in the serving network as part of the authentication vector. Upon receiving authentication responses from vehicles, the SEAF performs local set membership queries against the filter to verify credentials, rather than contacting the home network for each individual vehicle. The SEAF then notifies the AUSF of the results, allowing for batch verification. The authors provide a theoretical analysis of the filter’s performance, deriving formulas for insertion failure probability and false positive probability based on filter parameters such as bucket size and fingerprint length. Performance analysis reveals that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the standardized 5G-AKA procedure in terms of end-to-end latency and protocol overhead, even under high vehicle load. The study demonstrates that the authentication efficiency is highly dependent on Cuckoo Filter configuration. Increasing the bucket size reduces insertion failure probabilities but increases the false positive rate, necessitating longer fingerprints to maintain security. The authors define an "average goodput" metric to evaluate efficiency, showing that properly configured filters can achieve high authentication throughput while keeping space costs close to the information-theoretic lower bound. The results indicate that the mechanism effectively handles dense V2X environments by minimizing signaling overhead without compromising the integrity of the authentication process, provided that false positive rates are kept within acceptable limits through appropriate parameter selection.

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• v2x connected vehicle