Inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) for electric vehicle charging – A review
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.040
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Summary
This review paper addresses the growing need for sustainable transportation alternatives driven by petroleum scarcity and environmental concerns, specifically focusing on Inductively Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT) as a promising method for wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging. The authors motivate the study by highlighting the limitations of conventional plug-in systems, such as safety risks in adverse weather, the need for galvanic isolation, and the bulkiness of chargers. While EVs offer zero-emission benefits, challenges regarding limited mileage, recharging time, and misalignment tolerance hinder widespread adoption. The paper aims to evaluate ICPT’s potential to overcome these issues by providing a comprehensive overview of its operational principles, circuit characteristics, and recent research advancements. The study employs a literature review methodology, synthesizing data from existing research on wireless charging technologies. It compares three primary methods: Microwave Power Transfer (MPT), Inductive Power Transfer (IPT), and ICPT. The analysis details the operational mechanisms of each, noting that MPT offers long-distance transfer but suffers from high costs and safety concerns regarding electromagnetic exposure, while standard IPT fails at larger air gaps due to leakage inductance. The paper provides a theoretical framework for ICPT, including equivalent circuit analysis using a series-series resonant structure. It derives power transfer equations based on open-circuit and short-circuit tests, defining parameters such as mutual inductance, coupling coefficient, and load resistance to explain how resonance compensates for low magnetic coupling across large air gaps. Key findings indicate that ICPT is superior for EV applications due to its ability to maintain high efficiency and power transfer levels despite significant air gaps and misalignment. The review highlights that ICPT systems, operating typically between 20–200 kHz with ferrite cores, have achieved efficiencies ranging from 83% to 92% in various projects, with power ratings from 60 W to 600 kW. The paper distinguishes between static charging, which requires large battery capacities, and dynamic charging (Online Electric Vehicles), which embeds coils in roadbeds to reduce battery size and cost. The analysis confirms that ICPT provides robust electrical isolation, allowing reliable operation in harsh conditions like rain and snow, and meets safety regulations for electromagnetic field exposure. The significance of this work lies in its validation of ICPT as a viable, efficient, and safe technology for commercial EV charging. The authors conclude that advancements in coil design, leakage inductance compensation, and misalignment tolerance have made ICPT a practical solution for both stationary and dynamic charging scenarios. The review underscores the potential for ICPT to integrate with smart grids, enabling bidirectional energy transfer and grid stabilization. By summarizing the technical progress and identifying remaining challenges, the paper provides a foundation for future research aimed at optimizing ICPT systems for broader automotive industry adoption.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| archive | success | semantic_scholar | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| enrich | failed | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-26 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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