Exploring the implications of autonomous vehicles: a comprehensive review

Othman, Kareem · 2022 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.1007/s41062-022-00763-6

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Summary

The provided text is a report titled "State of Global Air 2018," published by the Health Effects Institute and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). It is not the paper titled "Exploring the implications of autonomous vehicles" indicated in the metadata. The following summary reflects the content of the provided text. The State of Global Air 2018 report synthesizes data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project to assess global exposure to ambient and household air pollution and its associated health impacts. The report aims to provide citizens, policymakers, and scientists with comprehensive estimates of pollution levels and disease burdens, marking the first inclusion of household air pollution data alongside ambient pollution metrics. The analysis draws on GBD 2016 data, covering trends from 1990 to 2016. Methodologically, the report estimates ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure using satellite observations, global chemical transport models, and ground measurements aggregated into population-weighted averages. Household air pollution exposure is estimated by combining survey data on solid fuel use with demographic information and linear models predicting indoor PM2.5 concentrations based on sociodemographic indices. Disease burden is calculated using integrated exposure-response functions to attribute deaths to specific pollutants. Key findings indicate that fine particle air pollution (PM2.5) is the largest environmental risk factor worldwide, responsible for 4.1 million deaths in 2016 from heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and respiratory infections. Ozone contributed to 234,000 deaths. Household air pollution, ranked as the 8th leading risk factor, caused 2.6 million deaths. In 2016, 95% of the global population lived in areas exceeding WHO air quality guidelines for PM2.5. Exposure levels were highest in North and West Africa, largely due to mineral dust, and in South Asia, driven by combustion emissions. Globally, population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations increased by 18% between 2010 and 2016, with steep increases in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India, while China saw stabilization and slight declines. Approximately 2.45 billion people were exposed to household air pollution from solid fuels, with significant exposure in Africa and Asia. The report concludes that air pollution imposes a substantial burden on public health, exceeding the mortality impact of well-known behavioral risks like alcohol use. It highlights widening disparities in air quality, with less polluted regions improving while highly polluted areas, particularly in South Asia, deteriorate. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to reduce emissions from major sources, including household solid fuel use and industrial combustion, to mitigate the significant global health risks associated with air pollution.

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