Battery Energy Storage System Optimal Sizing in a Battery Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Infrastructure

Félix, Pedro; Roque, Luís A. C.; Miranda, Ismael; Gomes, António · 2023 · DOAJ

DOI: 10.24840/2183-6493_009-005_001937

archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified

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Summary

This study addresses the grid constraints and high operational costs associated with the rapid deployment of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) fast-charging infrastructure. As EV adoption increases, simultaneous high-power charging events can cause power availability issues, voltage congestion, and equipment overloading, necessitating expensive grid upgrades. The authors propose an optimization framework to determine the optimal sizing of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) integrated into fast-charging stations. The primary objective is to minimize total costs—including installation, maintenance, and energy consumption—while preventing infrastructure reinforcement and enhancing renewable energy integration. The methodology employs a co-optimization of planning and operation stages using the Interior Point Algorithm via MATLAB’s `fmincon` solver. The model characterizes EV charging demand probabilistically, classifying vehicles into five types based on power, energy capacity, and range, and modeling daily mileage with an exponential distribution. Photovoltaic (PV) generation is modeled using hourly solar radiation data from the Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) for northern Portugal. The BESS is modeled with lithium-ion technology, accounting for charging/discharging efficiencies, state-of-charge limits (10%–90%), and cycle constraints to manage degradation. The optimization minimizes the sum of energy transaction costs, BESS investment, and maintenance over a weekly horizon with hourly resolution. The research evaluates four scenarios: a baseline grid-connected station, a station with PV integration, a station with BESS integration, and a station with both BESS and PV integration. Results indicate that integrating BESS with renewable energy sources yields the most significant economic benefits. In the combined BESS-PV scenario, the optimal sizing was determined to be 250 kW of power and 303 kWh of energy. This configuration reduced contracted power by 75 kW and achieved annual energy cost savings of €20,280.95 compared to the baseline, despite an annual BESS investment of €18,313.93 and maintenance of €4,226.29. The BESS facilitates peak shaving by storing surplus PV energy or charging during off-peak hours and discharging during high-demand periods. A sensitivity analysis revealed that while lower BESS implementation costs improve viability, the standalone BESS scenario without PV remained less economically attractive due to higher investment costs relative to energy savings. The study concludes that integrating BESS with renewable energy sources is a viable strategy to mitigate technical grid constraints, such as transformer overloading and voltage deviations, while reducing operational costs through time-shifting and peak shaving. The proposed optimization tool allows charging station operators to evaluate the technical and economic benefits of storage integration. The authors suggest future work should incorporate smart charging scenarios and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operations to further enhance load controllability and optimize BESS sizing.

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• v2x connected vehicle