Energy Saving and CO2 Mitigation of Electric Vehicle (EV) Technology in Lao Transport Sector

Phoualavanh, Sengsuly; Limmeechokchai, Bundit · 2016 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.4186/ej.2016.20.4.101

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Summary

This study addresses the growing energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the Lao transport sector, driven by rapid vehicle growth and high dependency on imported oil. With Laos aiming to reduce domestic energy consumption under its National Energy Saving Plan, the authors investigate the potential of electric vehicle (EV) technologies to mitigate these trends. The research specifically evaluates the energy-saving and CO2 mitigation benefits of adopting battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) within the Lao context, leveraging the country’s abundant renewable energy resources. To assess these potentials, the authors utilized the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model to forecast sector-wise transport demand from a 2010 base year through 2050. The methodology involved a bottom-up stock vehicle turnover model for passenger vehicles, incorporating data on vehicle stock, average distance traveled, and fuel economy. The study developed three scenarios: a Business as Usual (BAU) scenario relying on conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, a Realistic Countermeasure (CM-R) scenario with moderate EV penetration (15% HEVs, 5% PHEVs/BEVs by 2050), and an Idealistic Countermeasure (CM-I) scenario with higher penetration (25% HEVs, 15% PHEVs/BEVs by 2050). The results indicate that under the BAU scenario, transport energy consumption will rise from 548 ktoe in 2010 to 2,823 ktoe in 2050, while CO2 emissions will increase from 1,656 kt-CO2 to 8,511 kt-CO2. In contrast, the countermeasure scenarios demonstrate significant mitigation potential. The CM-R scenario reduces total energy consumption by 2.6% compared to BAU, while the CM-I scenario achieves a 5.3% reduction. HEVs contributed the most to fossil fuel savings, reducing consumption by approximately 46 ktoe in the CM-R scenario and 67 ktoe in the CM-I scenario. Furthermore, the CM-I scenario resulted in a cumulative CO2 mitigation of approximately 6% compared to BAU. The analysis also revealed co-benefits in local air quality, with the CM-I scenario reducing cumulative emissions of carbon monoxide by 23,420 tons, nitrogen oxides by 5,140 tons, and sulfur dioxide by 900 tons relative to the BAU baseline. The study concludes that the penetration of EV technologies, particularly HEVs, BEVs, and PHEVs, offers a viable pathway for energy saving and CO2 mitigation in Laos. The findings suggest that higher implementation levels of EV technologies yield greater environmental benefits, including reduced fossil fuel dependency and lower emissions of harmful air pollutants. This research provides evidence supporting the integration of EV strategies into national energy and transport policies to achieve sustainability goals in developing nations with high renewable energy potential.

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