Towards the Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Smart Grid

Putrus, Ghanim; Lacey, Gill; Bentley, Edward · 2015 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13194-8_19

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Summary

The provided text is a policy report titled "Spaced Out: Perspectives on parking policy" by John Bates and David Leibling, published by the RAC Foundation in July 2012. It addresses the lack of comprehensive data and coherent strategy regarding car parking in Great Britain, a critical component of transport policy that is often overlooked despite its impact on congestion, car ownership, and local authority finances. The report updates a 2004 study, aiming to provide an overarching strategy for regulating, charging for, and managing parking resources. The authors conducted a detailed analysis of existing datasets, primarily the Department for Transport’s National Travel Survey (NTS) for 2002–2008 and the English Housing Survey (EHS). They examined parking supply by analyzing residential data from housing surveys and destination parking demand through NTS statistics. The study also reviewed local authority financial records, penalty charge notice (PCN) issuance, and public attitude surveys. The methodology highlights significant data gaps, noting that local authorities rarely conduct adequate audits of on- and off-street capacity, and that national statistics on parking supply are patchy and expensive to obtain. Key findings reveal that cars spend approximately 80% of their time parked at home and only 3–4% in motion. Residential parking availability is uneven; while the number of dwellings has increased, the number of garages has remained constant, suggesting conversions to living space and a shift toward open parking. Inadequate parking is predominantly an urban issue, with 60% of vehicles in high-density areas parked on-street overnight. For destination parking, nearly 70% of acts last less than three hours, with workplace parking dominating demand due to frequency and duration. Contrary to public perception, parking costs are low: 94% of destination parking acts incur no charge, and the average annual parking cost per vehicle is approximately £42, significantly less than fuel costs. Local authorities derive substantial revenue from parking, with London boroughs generating a surplus of 33% of parking income, largely from on-street fees and penalties. Public attitudes are mixed; while restrictions are often viewed as oppressive, 65% of respondents believe the number of restrictions is appropriate, and 60% feel enforcement levels are correct. The report concludes that parking policy requires a more economic approach to pricing to ensure efficient capacity use, alongside improvements in information provision and payment convenience. It argues that current charges in some areas may be too low to support effective management and compliance. The authors recommend an overarching national strategy to standardize regulations and improve data collection, emphasizing that parking management must balance revenue generation with traffic flow and environmental goals. The study underscores the need for better research into the relationship between parking supply and car ownership, particularly regarding standards for new developments.

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