Developing a Questionnaire to Investigate Monthly Human Errors Among Railway Traffic Control Room Employees
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Summary
This study addresses the critical safety issue of human error among railway traffic control room (RTCR) employees, a factor frequently linked to catastrophic accidents such as the London train collision and the Neyshabour train accident. Despite the high stakes involved in monitoring complex railway systems, there was a lack of standardized tools to estimate the probability of monthly human errors for these specific workers. The authors aimed to design and validate a questionnaire to fill this gap, enabling the assessment of individual error probabilities and the impact of contributing factors like workload and multitasking. The researchers employed a mixed-method approach involving a panel of 15 experts, including university professors and experienced RTCR employees, to develop the instrument. An initial questionnaire comprising 67 questions was created through literature reviews, observation of work duties, and expert consultation. The validation process included qualitative and quantitative face validity assessments, followed by content validity analysis using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Reliability was tested using the weighted kappa coefficient among 35 RTCR employees over two stages with a 12-day interval. The results confirmed the robustness of the final 67-question instrument, which was divided into two sections for central control room employees and regional RTCR staff. No questions were removed during validation, though five were edited. The questionnaire demonstrated strong content validity, with CVI values of 0.90 for simplicity, 0.90 for relevancy, and 0.92 for clarity, alongside a CVR of 0.87. Reliability metrics showed an average agreement percentage of 80.31%, with minimum and maximum agreement rates of 73.71% and 87.14%, respectively. The study concludes that the developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for estimating the monthly probability of human errors in RTCR employees. By providing a standardized method to identify error risks, the tool supports accident prevention efforts in the railway industry. The authors suggest that this instrument can be used in future studies to examine how specific job factors influence human error, potentially leading to targeted interventions. They also recommend that other researchers develop complementary software and tools to further mitigate risks in high-stakes control room environments.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-17 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-25 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| enrich | success | openalex | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-17 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-20 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-25; verification: verified.
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