Feinstaubemissionen trockenlaufender Friktionssysteme in Fahrzeugen Particulate matter emissions from dry-running friction systems in vehicles

Sutschet, Alexander; Bause, Katharina; Bischofberger, Arne; Ott, Sascha · 2023 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1007/s10010-023-00664-9

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Summary

This paper addresses the growing significance of non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles, specifically focusing on brake dust from dry-running friction systems. While exhaust emissions have been significantly reduced through catalytic technologies, non-exhaust emissions from tires and brakes are becoming the primary source of vehicle-related PM. With upcoming regulations like Euro 7 and the Particle Measurement Program (PMP) aiming to regulate brake emissions, there is a critical need to understand the particle generation mechanisms of existing conventional braking systems. The authors argue that current mitigation strategies, such as filters, exhaust systems, or relocating braking functions to the powertrain, are either costly, complex, or lack a legal basis. Therefore, understanding the formation conditions of wear particles in standard disc brakes is essential for developing targeted reduction measures and adapting existing vehicles. To investigate these mechanisms, the authors present a novel measurement method developed at the Institute for Product Development (IPEK). The study utilizes a modified clutch and brake test rig equipped with a flywheel module capable of simulating typical braking loads for mid-range vehicles, including specific braking work up to 10 J/mm² and specific braking power up to 9 W/mm². The friction system is enclosed in a stainless steel housing to shield it from the environment. A blower generates a constant volume flow through a pipe system, transporting generated particles to a measurement unit located at a 90° bend. This setup allows for the systematic variation of sliding speeds, pressures, and mass inertias to create different load levels. The experimental design involves two primary measurement approaches. First, an aerosol spectrometer continuously measures particle concentration isokinetically within the pipe system during braking events. Second, a three-stage cascade impactor (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) collects wear particles on Petri dishes for post-experiment digital microscopic analysis. This allows for the determination of particle size distribution and potential chemical composition. The study outlines a procedural workflow where friction systems are run-in, weighed, and subjected to up to 100 braking cycles per load level to calculate wear rates based on input energy. Initial results from 150 load shifts demonstrate that both the mean friction coefficient and particle concentration are elevated during the first 20 cycles before stabilizing. The digital microscopic evaluation process involves image segmentation and labeling to quantify particle count and size. The significance of this work lies in providing a validated method to quantitatively describe the relationship between mechanical load and particle emissions in dry-running friction systems. By identifying the specific conditions under which PM is generated, the method enables the derivation of targeted reduction strategies, such as operating-condition-dependent control adjustments or design modifications of friction partners. The authors conclude that this approach offers a pathway to reduce emissions from the approximately 60 million vehicles in Germany with conventional braking systems, complementing future regulatory efforts and informing the development of cleaner braking technologies.

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• road surface friction