Assessment of pollutant emission in Poland from various categories of transport
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Summary
This study assesses the inventory of pollutant emissions from various transport categories in Poland over the period 1990–2020. The research aims to quantify the contribution of specific transport modes—road, railway, water, air, and other mobile machinery—to national annual emissions of pollutants harmful to human health. The analysis focuses on nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), sulfur oxides (SOx), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulate matter), carbon monoxide (CO), and lead. The study utilizes authorized data from the National Centre for Emissions Management (KOBiZE) at the Institute of Environmental Protection, adhering to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) methodology. The methodology involved analyzing trends in absolute national annual emissions and calculating the relative shares of each transport category within total transport emissions. Additionally, the sensitivity of the emission inventory was assessed using the coefficient of variation for each pollutant and transport category. The pollutants were selected based on their regulation under European motor vehicle standards and their presence in fuel compositions. The results indicate a general downward trend in national annual emissions for all analyzed substances, despite a substantial intensification of transport activities. Significant reductions were observed in CO, NMVOCs, SOx, and lead, attributed to technical improvements in internal combustion engines, such as precise fuel mixture formation and catalytic exhaust after-treatment, as well as regulatory limits on sulfur and lead content in fuels. Road transport remains the dominant source of emissions for most pollutants, particularly NOx, NMVOCs, and CO. While road transport dominates NOx emissions, mobile machinery also contributes significantly due to the higher emission rates of compression ignition engines used in such equipment. A notable shift occurred in lead emissions around 2000, coinciding with the introduction of unleaded petrol for road vehicles, though lead emissions persist in aviation due to traditional aircraft fuel. The study concludes that while transport development poses environmental threats, effective measures have successfully reduced pollutant emissions. The progress in reducing CO and organic compounds is more pronounced than for NOx and particulate matter. The dominance of road transport in emission profiles highlights the importance of continued technological advancements in vehicle engines and fuel quality. The analysis of emission shares and sensitivity underscores the varying impacts of different transport modes, providing a basis for targeted environmental policies.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
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| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
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| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
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| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-25 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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