A Multifaceted Equity Metric System for Transportation Electrification

Tsukiji, Takahiro; Zhang, Ning; Jiang, Qinhua; He, Brian Yueshuai; Ma, Jiaqi · 2023 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.1109/ojits.2023.3311689

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Summary

This paper addresses the challenge of achieving equitable distribution in transportation electrification, specifically regarding the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). While electrification offers societal benefits such as reduced emissions, existing literature often prioritizes efficient charging service for high-demand areas, neglecting underserved regions with limited EV adoption. To bridge this gap, the authors propose a multifaceted equity metric system designed to assess the equity status of EV and EVSE deployment across various socio-demographic groups. The framework categorizes equity into four dimensions: horizontal equity, comprising a fair share of resources and external costs, and vertical equity, comprising inclusivity and affordability. The methodology employs a case study of Los Angeles County projected for the year 2035. The authors utilize an EVSE deployment decision-making model that integrates three core modules: travel profile simulation, charging demand profile generation, and charger deployment planning. The travel profile simulation uses activity-based travel demand and agent-based traffic assignment models to generate daily travel trajectories. The charging demand module incorporates future electrification levels, user charging habits, and traffic conditions to predict charging events. Finally, the deployment module aggregates these demands to determine public charger distribution at the census tract level. Equity is evaluated using five specific performance indicators: public charger density (fair share of resources), external crash cost and air pollution/GHG emission cost reduction (external costs), average EV travel time (inclusivity), and public charging cost burden per user (affordability). These indicators are analyzed across socio-demographic groups classified by disadvantaged community status, multi-family housing unit rates, and major race-ethnicity. The results reveal significant disparities in the adoption of EVs and public chargers, as well as variations in EV trips and economic status across different socio-demographic groups. The analysis highlights inequities in how resources and external costs are distributed, as well as differences in accessibility and affordability for vulnerable populations. These findings underscore the urgency of addressing equity issues during the planning stages of electrification to prevent the marginalization of underserved areas. The significance of this work lies in its provision of a comprehensive framework for local agencies to quantify geographical equity issues in a socio-demographic context. By integrating specific performance indicators for each equity type, the system allows planners to balance fairness and utilitarianism in EVSE deployment decisions. The study offers actionable recommendations to tackle identified equity challenges, aiming to maximize the societal benefits of electrification while ensuring that low-income individuals, people with disabilities, and residents of disadvantaged communities are not disproportionately burdened or excluded from the transition to electric mobility.

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• demographic disparities