From Transition to Transformation: A Comparative Engineering Study of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles من التحول إلى التحول: دراسة هندسية مقارنة للسيارات الهجينة والكهربائية

Ahmed, Abdussalam Ali · 2025 · Crossref

DOI: 10.65422/loujas.v1i1.48

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Summary

This study addresses the transition from hybrid to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by providing a comparative engineering analysis based on measured data rather than theoretical models. Motivated by the need to validate real-world performance against laboratory projections, the research investigates four key areas: energy efficiency differences between BEVs and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), actual usage patterns of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), charging infrastructure overheads, and battery degradation mechanisms. The authors aim to inform powertrain design and policy by quantifying the gap between assumed and observed vehicle performance. The methodology synthesizes data from multiple sources, including the Argonne National Laboratory’s D³ chassis dynamometer database for vehicle efficiency, field usage records from the ICCT and INL EV Project for PHEV behavior and charging sessions, and controlled battery aging datasets from NASA Ames and Oxford University alongside real-world telemetry from the EVBattery project. Statistical analyses, including Mann-Whitney U tests and regression models, were employed to compare energy consumption normalized for vehicle mass and footprint. The study also analyzed charging session phases to quantify time overheads and modeled battery capacity fade under varying temperature and current conditions. Key findings reveal that BEVs consume 60–70% less energy per mile than HEVs on standard test cycles, maintaining this advantage even after normalizing for vehicle mass. Real-world data shows PHEV drivers utilize electric mode for only 35–50% of miles, significantly lower than EPA utility-factor assumptions, leading to higher actual fuel consumption. Charging analysis indicates that protocol overheads, such as cable checks and handshakes, constitute 20–30% of DC fast-charging session time. Battery aging experiments demonstrate that capacity loss accelerates at high temperatures and currents, with life expectancy halving for every 8–10°C rise, though real-world fleet data suggests conservative lab profiles may overestimate degradation rates. The significance of these results lies in their implications for engineering and policy. The efficiency hierarchy confirms BEVs as superior for future platforms, while PHEV underuse suggests a need for realistic regulatory credits and improved user incentives for charging. The identified charging overheads highlight opportunities for protocol optimization to enhance user experience. Furthermore, the strong correlation between thermal stress and battery degradation underscores the necessity for robust thermal management systems in EV pack design. These insights provide a data-driven foundation for optimizing vehicle architecture and improving charging infrastructure reliability.

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