5204 A study on alarm settings strategies for a forward collision warning system based on individual braking behaviour

Abe, Genya; Itoh, Makoto; Yamamura, Tomohiro · 2008 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1299/jsmetld.2008.17.435

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Summary

This study investigates the impact of alarm timing strategies on driver braking behavior and trust in forward collision warning systems (FCWS), specifically focusing on the negative effects of missed alarms. The research addresses the challenge that while adaptive alarm timing based on individual driving characteristics can improve system effectiveness, it may also lead to over-reliance, causing drivers to neglect visual monitoring if they believe the system will always warn them in time. The authors compare two timing strategies: an individual-adaptive timing (T), based on the driver’s personal average accelerator release and brake initiation times, and a non-individual-adaptive timing (S), derived from a Stopping Distance Algorithm (SDA) that triggers alarms earlier than the individual’s typical reaction time. The study employed a driving simulator with 24 licensed participants. In a preliminary experiment, researchers measured individual braking behaviors under varying time-to-collision conditions to establish baseline parameters for the adaptive timing. In the main experiment, participants performed car-following tasks at 80 km/h. The trial included 14 events where the lead vehicle decelerated, with two specific trials (5th and 13th) designed as "missed alarms" where the FCWS failed to trigger despite a collision risk. Half of the participants received the individual-adaptive timing (T), while the other half received the earlier, non-individual-adaptive timing (S). The study measured brake initiation time and subjective trust in the system on an 11-point scale. The results indicated that the non-individual-adaptive timing (S) generally elicited faster brake responses during correct alarm trials compared to the adaptive timing (T). However, during missed alarm trials, the adaptive timing (T) demonstrated superior resilience in maintaining braking performance. After the first missed alarm, brake initiation times increased significantly for both groups, indicating a loss of trust. Yet, during the second missed alarm, drivers using the adaptive timing (T) maintained brake initiation times comparable to correct alarm trials, whereas those using the non-adaptive timing (S) showed delayed braking. Subjective trust ratings dropped significantly after each missed alarm for both groups, but the behavioral data suggested that the adaptive timing mitigated the degradation in braking response caused by repeated system failures. The study concludes that alarm timing strategies based on individual braking behavior can reduce the negative impact of missed alarms on driver braking performance. While early, non-adaptive alarms may prompt quicker initial reactions, they appear to exacerbate the delay in braking when the system fails, likely due to greater reliance on the system. The findings suggest that FCWS design should incorporate mechanisms that trigger alarms slightly earlier than a driver’s average reaction time to maintain safety margins, but must carefully consider individual adaptation to prevent excessive trust and subsequent behavioral degradation during system failures.

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• auditory warnings