88 Determining the Eye-Tracking Strategies Used in the Game “Spot the Missing Object (SMO)” by Simulator Malingerers, ADHD, and Non-ADHD
DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723009463
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Summary
This study investigates eye-tracking strategies employed during a visual search task known as "Spot the Missing Object" (SMO) to differentiate between individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), non-ADHD controls, and simulator malingerers. The research is motivated by the need for effective performance validity tests (PVTs) in forensic neuropsychology, particularly for ADHD evaluations where individuals may feign symptoms for secondary gain. While symptom validity tests exist, there is limited literature on malingering detection specifically within the ADHD population using objective physiological measures like eye-tracking. The study included 153 college students who participated via the Sticky by Tobii Pro platform, an online tool combining surveys with webcam-based eye-tracking. Participants were categorized based on their responses to the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Those endorsing four or more symptoms were classified as the ADHD group (N = 37), while those endorsing no symptoms were classified as the non-ADHD group (N = 43). Participants who did not meet these criteria were excluded. Additionally, 20 participants were instructed to fake ADHD symptoms, forming the malingering group. The experimental task involved viewing twelve "Spot the Difference" images, allowing researchers to collect data on visual search patterns. Results indicated significant differences in eye-tracking metrics among the groups. Specifically, participants in the malingering group exhibited a significantly higher mean Visit Count (M = 17.16; SD = 4.99) compared to both the ADHD group (M = 12.53; SD = 43.92) and the non-ADHD group (M = 11.51; SD = 3.23). Statistical analysis revealed a significant Area Under the Curve (AUC) of .784 (SE = .067; p = .003; 95% CI = .652–.916), indicating moderate discriminative ability. The optimal cutoff for detection yielded a sensitivity of 50% with a false positive rate of 10%. The findings suggest that eye-tracking technology can effectively distinguish simulator malingerers from individuals with genuine ADHD during visual search tasks. By providing objective data on attentional mechanisms and cognitive processes, this method offers a potential tool for detecting noncredible presentations in forensic settings. The study highlights the utility of integrating eye-tracking into psychological assessments to monitor continuous effort and identify feigned impairment, addressing a gap in current malingering literature for ADHD populations.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-20 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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