Electric Vehicle Modeling and Simulation of Volkswagen Crafter with 2.0 TDI CR Diesel Engine
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Summary
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of an electric powertrain for a 2020 Volkswagen Crafter, replacing its original 2.0 TDI CR diesel internal combustion engine (ICE) with a rear-wheel drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The research is motivated by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel depletion associated with conventional vehicles. The study aims to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of converting a commercial vehicle to electric propulsion using MATLAB/Simulink and Simscape toolboxes. The simulation model comprises four main subsystems: a Nissan Leaf battery pack, the PMSM drive, a single-speed transmission, and the vehicle body dynamics. The battery is specified with a nominal voltage of 360 V, a capacity of 24 kWh, and a power output of 90 kW. The PMSM motor has a maximum power of 80 kW and a maximum torque of 280 Nm. Vehicle dynamics, including longitudinal forces such as wind resistance, rolling resistance, and grade resistance, were modeled using standard equations. Tire-road interactions were simulated using the Pacejka Magic Formula for various surface conditions. A Proportional-Integral (PI) controller was developed to regulate both the motor speed and vehicle speed, with performance tuned using integral error criteria (IAE, ISE, ITAE, ITSE). The vehicle was tested using the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) and ramp inputs to evaluate performance under different road conditions. Results indicate that the PI controller successfully tracked the reference speed, with the motor achieving a reference speed of 4250 rpm. The battery demonstrated a state of charge maintained at approximately 99% due to regenerative braking, drawing a maximum current of 90 A during acceleration and -60 A during deceleration. Energy analysis revealed that the battery consumed 0.3305 kWh, while the motor consumed 0.2599 kWh, resulting in a system efficiency of 78.63%. The study concludes that the electric powertrain offers significant advantages over the conventional ICE version. The authors report approximately 19% better fuel economy for the electric vehicle compared to the diesel counterpart. The simulation validates the effectiveness of the PMSM-based rear-wheel drive configuration and the PI control strategy in managing vehicle speed and energy consumption, supporting the transition from ICE to electric propulsion in commercial vehicles.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-18 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-18 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-19 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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