Development of a Contextualized Version of the Multiple Errands Test for People with Substance Dependence

Valls-Serrano, Carlos; Verdejo-García, Antonio; Noël, Xavier; Caracuel, Alfonso · 2018 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1017/s1355617717001023

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Summary

The provided text is the front matter, preface, executive summary, and partial content of the *World Drug Report 2016*, published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). It is not the specific research paper titled "Development of a Contextualized Version of the Multiple Errands Test for People with Substance Dependence" indicated in the metadata. Consequently, the text does not contain information regarding the development of the Multiple Errands Test, its methodology, or its specific findings related to substance dependence. However, based strictly on the provided text, the *World Drug Report 2016* addresses the global state of illicit drug markets, supply trends, and health impacts in the wake of a special session of the UN General Assembly. The report aims to support comprehensive, balanced, and rights-based drug control policies by providing evidence on the interlinkages between drugs and sustainable development. It covers the extent of drug use, health consequences, supply chains for opiates, cocaine, cannabis, and synthetic drugs, and the impact of new technologies like the "dark net" on trafficking. The report utilizes data submitted by Member States through annual questionnaires, supplemented by wastewater analysis and HIV research. It presents global estimates for 2014, indicating that approximately 247 million people (1 in 20 adults aged 15–64) used at least one drug. Of these, 29 million suffered from drug use disorders, yet only one in six received treatment. The analysis highlights that cannabis remains the most commonly used drug (183 million users), followed by amphetamines (33 million) and opiates (33 million). The report also details health outcomes, noting 207,400 drug-related deaths in 2014, with opioids being the primary cause of overdose fatalities. It identifies people who inject drugs (PWID) as a high-risk group, with 12 million PWID globally, 1.6 million living with HIV, and 6 million with hepatitis C. Key findings indicate that global drug use prevalence has remained stable over the past four years, though regional variations exist, such as rising cocaine use in South America and increased cannabis use in North America and Western Europe. The report emphasizes that heroin use is resurging in some markets, particularly North America, posing significant public health concerns. It also notes that polydrug use complicates the epidemiological picture, and that gender disparities in drug use are largely attributable to social opportunities rather than biological susceptibility. The significance of the report lies in its advocacy for development-sensitive drug policies, arguing that effective drug control requires addressing social, economic, and environmental factors, improving access to treatment, and reducing the reliance on imprisonment for minor drug offenses.

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• illicit drugs