Develop, Refine, and Validate a Survey to Assess Adult's Perspectives of Autonomous Ride-Sharing Services
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Summary
This study addresses the lack of validated instruments for assessing public acceptance and adoption of autonomous ride-sharing services, particularly among older adults. As the population ages, autonomous vehicles (AVs) offer potential solutions for maintaining mobility and safety, yet significant uncertainty remains regarding user perception and trust. Existing surveys often focus on generic public opinion rather than field-specific implementation or validated psychometrics. The research aimed to develop, refine, and validate the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Autonomous RideShare Services Survey (ARSSS) while simultaneously evaluating the operational interactions of an autonomous shuttle with other road users. The methodology comprised two parallel tracks. First, the survey development process involved an evidence-based literature review, extraction of items from existing national surveys, and iterative refinement through focus groups with adults over 50. Face validity was established by ensuring items were understandable at an eighth-grade reading level. Content validity was assessed using a Content Validity Index (CVI) from ten subject-matter experts in fields such as gerontology, traffic engineering, and psychology. Psychometric testing, including test-retest reliability and construct validity, was conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk participants, employing exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Second, field data were collected from the Beep autonomous shuttle operating in Lake Nona, Florida. Researchers analyzed video footage and trajectory data to evaluate interactions at crosswalks, signalized intersections, and all-way stop-controlled intersections, measuring metrics such as maximum queue length, headway, driver yield rates, and acceleration patterns. The results confirmed that the ARSSS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing adult perceptions of AV technology. Psychometric analyses demonstrated strong internal consistency and construct validity, allowing for the identification of distinct factors such as perceived usefulness, safety, and trust. Field observations revealed specific behavioral dynamics between the autonomous shuttle and human-driven vehicles. The shuttle exhibited cautious driving behaviors, including instances of stopping when no pedestrians were present and moving off the road to allow passing. Conversely, human drivers frequently engaged in illegal overtaking of the shuttle and failed to yield appropriately at crosswalks. Trajectory data indicated that the shuttle experienced uncomfortable acceleration and deceleration events, particularly near intersections and crosswalks, often in response to the unpredictable behaviors of other road users. The significance of this work lies in providing a validated tool for measuring user acceptance of autonomous ride-sharing services, which is critical for informing policy and educational materials for older adults. Furthermore, the field data highlight the complex interactions between autonomous and human-driven vehicles, suggesting that infrastructure design and driver education must account for the cautious nature of AVs and the potential for conflict with human drivers. These findings support the FDOT’s Safe Mobility for Life Program by offering empirical evidence to guide the integration of AVs into existing transportation networks.
Key finding
The FDOT Autonomous RideShare Services Survey (ARSSS) was successfully developed and validated as a reliable and psychometrically sound instrument for assessing adult perceptions of autonomous ride-sharing services.
Methodology
survey
Provenance
The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed. Discovered via bulk_ingest_rosap on 2026-05-23 (6 acquisition events logged).
| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | rosap | — | — | 2 | 2026-05-23 |
| archive | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-23 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
| clean | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-01 |
| chunk | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-01 |
| embed | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-02 |
| enrich | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-23 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-23 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 3 | 2026-06-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 24 | 2026-06-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified.
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Information type
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- Empirical Findings: self report data, observational prevalence
- Methodological Resource: validation psychometrics