5G connected and automated driving: use cases, technologies and trials in cross-border environments

Hetzer, Dirk; Muehleisen, Maciej; Κουσαρίδας, Απόστολος; Barmpounakis, Sokratis; Wendt, Stefan; Eckert, Kurt; Schimpe, Andreas; Löfhede, Johan; Alonso-Zárate, Jesús · 2021 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.1186/s13638-021-01976-6

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Summary

This paper addresses the technical and operational challenges of deploying Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM) services across European national borders. The primary motivation is the need for harmonized solutions that ensure seamless service continuity and uninterrupted real-time performance despite the complexities of multi-country, multi-operator, and multi-vendor environments. To validate these requirements, the authors present the 5GCroCo project, a European Commission-funded initiative designed to trial 5G technologies in the Metz-Merzig-Luxembourg cross-border corridor involving France, Germany, and Luxembourg. The study focuses on three specific CCAM use cases: Tele-operated Driving (ToD), High-Definition (HD) Map Generation and Distribution, and Anticipated Cooperative Collision Avoidance (ACCA). The experimental methodology involves large-scale trials in the cross-border corridor, supplemented by small-scale pilots in locations such as Barcelona and Munich. The project validates key 5G enablers, including Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), predictive Quality of Service (pQoS), end-to-end network slicing, and mobile network-supported precise positioning. These technologies are tested to ensure they can meet strict Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as ultra-low latency, high reliability, and sufficient throughput, even when vehicles roam across different mobile network operators and jurisdictions. The findings detail the specific technical requirements for each use case. For ToD, the system requires high uplink data rates for video streaming and low-latency downlink commands, necessitating predictive QoS to warn operators of potential network degradation before it impacts safety. For HD mapping, the focus is on the timely availability of updated map data, requiring seamless coverage and efficient data exchange between vehicles and cloud servers. For ACCA, the system relies on cooperative perception to anticipate dangerous events, demanding very low packet loss and minimal delay to allow vehicles sufficient time for safe maneuvers. The paper outlines the architectural designs, including MEC handover mechanisms and redundancy strategies, required to support these services in a distributed, multi-operator environment. The significance of this work lies in its contribution to the development of a true transnational CCAM infrastructure in Europe. By demonstrating that 5G technologies can support critical automotive use cases across borders, the 5GCroCo project reduces uncertainties associated with real-world deployments. The results provide insights into necessary network architectures, business models, and standardization impacts, facilitating the transition from isolated national trials to seamless, pan-European connected mobility services.

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