Electromobility in Poland and Slovakia. Benchmarking of Electric Vehicles for 2019

Sendek-Matysiak, Ewelina; Rzędowski, Hubert; Skrúcaný, Tomáš · 2020 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.26552/com.c.2020.4.35-45

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Summary

This paper benchmarks the state of electromobility in Poland and Slovakia for 2019, analyzing the adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) against the backdrop of EU climate goals. Motivated by the Paris Agreement and EU targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030, the study addresses the transport sector’s significant contribution to emissions. It aims to evaluate the current market status, identify barriers to adoption, and assess the effectiveness of legislative and financial incentives in these two Central European nations. The authors utilize statistical data from 2011 to 2019 to compare BEV registration trends, market share, and pricing in Poland and Slovakia. The analysis includes a comparative assessment of vehicle prices between BEVs and internal combustion engine (ICE) counterparts, as well as a calculation of total cost of ownership, specifically focusing on operational costs per 100 kilometers. Furthermore, the study examines the development of charging infrastructure, detailing the number and types of public charging stations, and reviews legislative frameworks, including the Polish Act on Electromobility and Slovak subsidy programs. The findings reveal that both countries are in the early stages of electromobility adoption. In 2019, Poland recorded 69 new BEVs per million inhabitants, while Slovakia recorded 168, ranking them 22nd and 26th in the EU, respectively. Although Poland saw a 91% year-over-year increase in registrations in 2019, Slovakia experienced a 55% decline. A primary barrier identified is the high purchase price of BEVs compared to ICE vehicles, with price differences ranging from 1% to 28% for comparable models. However, operational costs for BEVs are significantly lower, estimated at five times less than ICE vehicles for driving 100 km. Infrastructure remains limited, with Poland having 247 public stations (582 plugs) and Slovakia relying on a mix of slow and fast chargers. Legislative measures include mandatory electric fleet quotas for Polish municipalities and subsidies of up to €8,658 in Poland and €8,000 in Slovakia. The study concludes that while BEVs offer environmental and economic operational advantages, high upfront costs and insufficient charging infrastructure hinder widespread adoption. The authors emphasize that financial incentives and non-financial privileges, such as access to bus lanes and free parking, are crucial for stimulating market growth. Additionally, the paper notes that the environmental benefit of electromobility depends on the energy mix used for electricity generation, suggesting that national strategies must consider local energy sources to ensure genuine reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

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