Spanish adaptation and validation of the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI)

María T. Sánchez‐López; Pablo Fernández‐Berrocal; Tagliabue, Mariaelena; Alberto Megías‐Robles · 2024 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1002/ab.22129

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Summary

This study addresses the need for a validated Spanish version of the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI), a widely used instrument measuring dangerous driving behaviors. While road safety is a critical global issue with human factors as primary contributors to accidents, existing literature often conflates aggressive driving (intent to harm) and risky driving (deliberate risk-taking without intent to harm). The DDDI distinguishes these behaviors along with negative emotional driving. Although the DDDI has been validated in several languages, no Spanish adaptation existed despite Spanish being the second most spoken language globally. The authors aimed to translate, adapt, and verify the reliability and validity of the DDDI for the Spanish population, while also examining gender and age differences. The researchers recruited a community sample of 2,174 Spanish drivers (51.8% male; ages 18–79) via snowball sampling. The translation process followed World Health Organization and International Test Commission guidelines, including forward and back-translation to ensure semantic equivalence. Participants completed the 28-item Spanish DDDI online. To assess convergent validity, a subset of participants also completed the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), the Distracted Driving Scale (DDS), and the Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ). Test–retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of 51 participants after more than three months. Data analysis included Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to verify the three-factor structure (aggressive driving, risky driving, negative emotional driving), internal consistency checks, and correlation analyses. Results confirmed that the three-factor model fitted the data adequately, with all factor loadings statistically significant. The Spanish DDDI demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .93 for the total score; .82–.86 for subscales) and good test–retest reliability (r = .70–.79). Convergent validity was supported by significant positive correlations between the DDDI and the DAS, DDS, and DBQ. Gender differences were observed, with men scoring significantly higher than women on all subscales and the total score, though effect sizes were small to medium. Age was negatively correlated with dangerous driving scores, indicating that older drivers reported fewer dangerous behaviors. The study concludes that the Spanish adaptation of the DDDI is a reliable and valid instrument that retains the theoretical consistency of the original scale. It effectively distinguishes between aggressive, risky, and emotionally driven dangerous behaviors. This validation facilitates cross-cultural research on driving styles and supports the development of targeted intervention programs to reduce road traffic accidents in Spanish-speaking populations. The large, diverse sample strengthens the generalizability of the findings compared to previous validations.

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• dbq psychometrics
• anger road rage

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• Methodological Resource: validation psychometrics, dataset resource