Overview of the Optimal Smart Energy Coordination for Microgrid Applications

Mbungu, Nsilulu T.; Naidoo, Raj M.; Bansal, Ramesh C.; Vahidinasab, Vahid · 2019 · DOAJ

DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2951459

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Summary

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of optimal smart energy coordination and management strategies for microgrid applications. The research is motivated by the growing global energy demand, the depletion of conventional fossil fuel reserves, and the urgent need to mitigate climate change through the integration of renewable energy resources (RERs). As conventional power grids struggle to meet expanding demand and ensure stability, microgrids emerge as a critical platform for integrating distributed energy resources (DERs), such as wind, solar, energy storage systems (ESS), and electric vehicles (EVs). The primary objective is to establish power flow stability between generation and consumption, optimizing system behavior and cost regardless of grid complexity or operational mode (islanded or grid-connected). The study employs a literature review and structural analysis approach to examine the smart grid environment, focusing on the technologies and control hierarchies required for effective energy management. It details the three-level control structure—primary, secondary, and tertiary—necessary for optimizing energy costs and system exploitation. The paper extensively analyzes the communication infrastructure underpinning smart grids, categorizing networks into Home Area Networks (HAN), Neighborhood Area Networks (NAN), Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), and Wide Area Networks (WAN). It compares wireless technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, ZigBee, WiMax) with wired technologies (e.g., Power Line Communication, Fiber Optics), noting that hybrid strategies are often required to balance cost, latency, and reliability. Furthermore, the review covers Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and smart metering devices, which facilitate real-time monitoring, data collection, and two-way communication between consumers and distribution system operators. Key findings highlight that smart grid technologies significantly enhance electrical system efficiency, reliability, and security by enabling real-time control and monitoring. The integration of DERs allows for bidirectional energy flow, transforming consumers into active participants who can manage their own generation and storage. The paper identifies that effective energy coordination must address resource uncertainty, climate impacts, and pollution reduction. Specific mechanisms such as dynamic pricing (Time of Use, Critical Peak Pricing) and demand response strategies are identified as essential for minimizing energy consumption costs. Additionally, the review underscores the importance of robust data management and cybersecurity, noting that smart meters generate massive amounts of data requiring advanced analytics for load forecasting, fault detection, and protection against data attacks or electricity theft. The significance of this work lies in its structured framework for implementing intelligent energy management systems in microgrids. By detailing the interplay between communication technologies, control strategies, and DER integration, the paper provides a roadmap for transitioning from conventional to smart electrical networks. It concludes that optimal coordination of energy flow is crucial for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement, ensuring grid stability, and supporting the sustainable growth of the power sector. The review serves as a foundational reference for engineers and researchers aiming to design resilient, efficient, and environmentally friendly microgrid systems capable of handling the complexities of modern energy demands.

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