The exercise–cognition relationship: A virtuous circle

Audiffren, Michel; André, Nathalie · 2019 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.03.001

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Summary

This review article examines the bidirectional relationship between physical activity (PA) and cognition, proposing a "virtuous circle" model where chronic exercise improves executive functions (EFs) and effortful control, which in turn facilitate adherence to exercise programs. The authors address the gap in understanding how cognitive benefits sustain healthy behaviors, noting that while physiological benefits of exercise are well-documented, cognitive mechanisms supporting long-term adherence are less understood. The paper focuses on the "effort hypothesis," which posits that effortful physical training strengthens the connectivity of large-scale neuronal networks underpinning EFs and effortful control, thereby enhancing an individual's capacity to maintain exercise despite initial discomfort or barriers. The authors synthesize existing empirical literature, including meta-analyses and neuroimaging studies, to support their framework. They identify three key brain networks: the default mode network (DMN), the central executive network (CEN), and the salience network (SN). The CEN and SN are highlighted as critical for EFs and the mechanism of effort, respectively. The review cites meta-analyses showing moderate effects of chronic exercise on EFs in both older adults and children. Furthermore, it details structural and functional imaging studies demonstrating that aerobic and resistance training interventions lead to increased gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and white matter integrity in regions associated with the CEN and SN, such as the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula. These neural changes are correlated with improved cognitive performance and EFs. The findings indicate that EFs, including working memory updating, intentional inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, are essential for self-regulation and exercise adherence. High EF capacity allows individuals to plan sessions, resist the impulse to stop due to fatigue, and delay gratification for long-term health benefits. Conversely, low EF capacity or self-regulatory exhaustion is linked to poor adherence and unhealthy behaviors. The paper notes that while the causal link from exercise to improved EFs is well-supported by behavioral and neuroimaging data, the reciprocal link—how improved EFs causally enhance adherence—requires more direct experimental evidence. The authors also discuss limitations, such as the potential for a "vicious circle" when self-regulation fails, and suggest that interventions must account for individual differences in self-regulatory resources. The significance of this work lies in its integration of cognitive psychology and exercise science, offering a comprehensive model for understanding behavioral change. By framing the exercise-cognition relationship as a virtuous circle, the authors highlight the importance of targeting both physical and cognitive domains in health interventions. The paper concludes by calling for future research to establish causal links between exercise-induced changes in network connectivity (specifically CEN and SN) and adherence outcomes, as well as to develop tailored strategies for individuals with varying levels of self-regulatory capacity. This perspective underscores the potential of exercise not only as a physical intervention but as a cognitive training tool that reinforces healthy lifestyle maintenance.

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• executive function