Load Leveling Utilizing Electric Vehicles and their Used Batteries

Aziz, Muhammad; Oda, Takuya · 2016 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.5772/64432

archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified

Get this paper ↗ (DOI — opens at the source; we link to it, we don't host it)

Summary

This chapter addresses the challenge of integrating electric vehicles (EVs) and their used batteries into small-scale energy management systems (EMS) to achieve load leveling. While EV adoption offers economic and environmental benefits, uncontrolled charging can destabilize the grid through frequency and voltage issues. The authors propose utilizing EVs and retired batteries as distributed energy storage to provide ancillary services, specifically peak-cutting and peak-shifting, thereby improving grid stability and the economic performance of EV owners. The study combines theoretical analysis with a demonstration test conducted at a Mitsubishi Motors facility in Japan. The experimental setup included five Mitsubishi i-MiEV G vehicles, five used EV batteries (after one year of usage), and 20 kW of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The system operated under a direct contract scheme where an EMS controlled charging and discharging behaviors. The EMS forecasted building load and PV generation using meteorological data and calculated a peak-cut threshold. A Vehicle Information System (VIS) collected real-time data on EV state of charge (SOC), GPS location, and predicted arrival times. Used batteries were employed for peak-shifting, charging during low-price night hours (00:00–06:00) and discharging during peak hours. EVs were utilized for peak-cutting during afternoon peak loads (12:00–18:00), discharging when grid purchases approached the calculated threshold. The results demonstrated that the utilization of EVs and used batteries for load leveling in a small-scale EMS via direct contract is feasible and applicable. The EMS successfully maintained grid load below the peak-cut threshold by coordinating the discharge of connected EVs and stationary batteries. The system effectively managed the balance between supply and demand, avoiding penalties associated with exceeding contracted power capacity. The demonstration confirmed that EVs, when parked and connected for extended periods, can be reliably controlled to absorb surplus electricity or release stored energy as needed. The significance of this work lies in its practical validation of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies at a small scale. It highlights the potential for EVs and used batteries to serve as flexible energy carriers and storage units, reducing environmental impact by extending battery life and lowering operational costs. The study suggests that such systems can enhance grid resilience and optimize energy usage in communities, providing a model for integrating renewable energy sources and distributed storage into existing infrastructure.

Provenance

The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed.

Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.

Topics

Ranked by relevance to this paper. Hover a topic for its definition.

• driverless ads