Advanced Charging System for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles

Aziz, Muhammad · 2017 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.68287

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Summary

This chapter addresses the challenge of integrating Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) into the electrical grid, specifically focusing on the negative impacts of uncontrolled, concentrated charging. As EV adoption increases, simultaneous fast charging can cause voltage fluctuations, frequency issues, and grid overload. The paper evaluates existing charging standards and behaviors before proposing and testing a Battery-Assisted Charging (BAC) system designed to facilitate rapid charging while minimizing stress on the electrical grid. The study first reviews charging infrastructure, categorizing chargers into Level-1 (up to 4 kW AC), Level-2 (4–20 kW AC), and Level-3 (DC fast charging >50 kW). It details major DC standards, including CHAdeMO, Combined Charging System (CCS), and Tesla Supercharger. The authors then analyze charging behavior, demonstrating that ambient temperature significantly affects lithium-ion battery performance. Using a Nissan Leaf and a 50 kW CHAdeMO charger, experiments showed that higher ambient temperatures (summer) yield higher charging rates and shorter durations compared to winter. For instance, charging from 30% to 80% State of Charge (SOC) took 20 minutes in summer versus 35 minutes in winter, due to improved ion diffusion and lower transfer resistance at higher temperatures. The core contribution is the development and evaluation of a BAC system, which embeds a stationary battery (64.2 kWh capacity) within the charger to buffer power demand. The system operates in three modes: battery discharging (assisting grid power during high demand), battery charging (storing surplus grid power), and idling. Experimental results compared conventional chargers against the BAC under a 50 kW contracted power limit. With conventional chargers, simultaneous charging of two vehicles resulted in unequal charging rates, with the second vehicle charging significantly slower. In contrast, the BAC allowed both vehicles to charge at nearly identical rates, reaching 80% SOC in approximately 35 minutes (winter) and 20 minutes (summer) by supplementing grid power with stored battery energy. Further tests with eight vehicles under lower contracted capacities (30 kW and 15 kW) confirmed that BAC maintains high charging quality but requires careful management of the stationary battery’s SOC, which depletes rapidly during high-demand simultaneous charging events. The findings conclude that the BAC system is an effective solution for mitigating grid stress caused by massive EV charging. By decoupling the instantaneous charging demand from the grid’s contracted capacity, the system enables quick, simultaneous charging without exceeding power limits. The authors suggest that BAC is a practical, near-future solution that also offers ancillary benefits, such as storing renewable energy surpluses and providing emergency backup, though successful implementation requires accurate forecasting of charging demand to manage the stationary battery’s state of charge.

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