Examining the effect of personality on user acceptance of conditionally automated vehicles
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-84776-4
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Summary
This study addresses the gap in automated vehicle acceptance (AVA) research regarding the influence of personality traits on user attitudes. While the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) is a dominant model for predicting technology adoption, it traditionally overlooks personality factors, which are critical for explaining individual differences in technology uptake. The authors aim to integrate the Big Five personality traits—openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism—into an extended UTAUT2 framework to examine their direct and indirect effects on the behavioral intention to use conditionally automated vehicles (CondAVs). The researchers administered an online questionnaire to a representative sample of 9,339 car drivers across nine countries: Brazil, China, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Russia, the U.K., and the U.S. The survey was conducted as part of the L3Pilot project, with data collection managed by INNOFACT AG to ensure quality and anonymity. The extended UTAUT2 model included standard constructs such as performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation, alongside added variables for trust and driver engagement. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the complex relationships between the Big Five traits, the UTAUT2 constructs, and the behavioral intention to use CondAVs. The study also performed a cross-country analysis to assess cultural variations in these relationships. The results indicated that social influence, trust, and performance expectancy had significant positive effects on the behavioral intention to use CondAVs. Most hypotheses concerning the role of personality traits on the UTAUT2 constructs were supported; however, the effect sizes were relatively small (less than 0.25). Specifically, the Big Five traits influenced the independent variables of the model, which in turn affected behavioral intention, but the direct impact of personality on acceptance was modest. The cross-country analysis provided further insights into how individual personality interacts with cultural contexts to shape AVA. The study concludes that while UTAUT2 remains a useful tool for evaluating AV success, the limited effect size of personality traits suggests that designing CondAVs specifically around customer personalities may be ineffective for promoting trust and acceptance. Instead, manufacturers should focus on the core drivers identified in the model, such as enhancing performance expectancy and building trust. The findings offer practical implications for the commercialization of automated vehicles, emphasizing that while personality plays a role, it is not a primary lever for driving adoption compared to functional and social factors.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| extract | success | pdftotext | — | — | 4 | 2026-08-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-nvidia | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 17 | 2026-08-11 |
| verify | partial | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-nvidia on 2026-08-10; verification: verified_with_issues.
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