Fuzzy Power Management for Low Carbon Footprint Vehicles

Adel, Oubelaid; Youcef, Belkhier; Abdussalam, Ali Ahmed; Shwetank, Avikal; Mohit, Bajaj · 2024 · DOAJ

DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202456402002

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Summary

This paper addresses the challenge of efficient power management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) to reduce carbon footprints. Specifically, it investigates a strategy for managing energy distribution between a Fuel Cell (FC) and a Battery (BAT). The motivation stems from the complementary nature of these sources: while batteries offer high energy density, they suffer from slow dynamics and limited power density, making them inadequate for handling sudden high-power demands, such as those occurring during regenerative braking. The study proposes a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) strategy to optimize power sharing, ensuring that the fuel cell operates at efficient points while the battery handles transient loads and energy storage. The methodology involves modeling the vehicle dynamics and the electrical characteristics of the power sources. The vehicle dynamics are governed by Newton’s second law, accounting for traction, aerodynamic, slope, tire, and acceleration forces. The fuel cell is modeled using an equivalent circuit that accounts for Nernst voltage, activation polarization, concentration polarization, and ohmic losses. The battery is modeled using a Thevenin-based RC circuit, with equations defining cell voltage, stack voltage, and state of charge (SoC) dynamics. The control architecture utilizes a bidirectional DC-DC converter for the battery and a unidirectional converter for the fuel cell, both linked to a DC bus. The FLC system takes the required propulsion power and battery SoC as inputs, using trapezoidal and triangular membership functions to categorize power demand (Low, Medium, High) and SoC levels. This generates a power contribution factor for the fuel cell, which ranges from 0% to 100%, while the battery supplies the remainder. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink 2015b demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The DC bus voltage was maintained at a reference of 560 volts with fluctuations limited to a narrow band of 10 volts. The fuel cell power contribution factor varied between 0% and 100%, allowing the FC to operate at specific efficient points (e.g., 30% or 70% of necessary power) rather than responding to abrupt demands. The battery successfully stored energy during regenerative braking periods, and its SoC remained within safe operational limits throughout the vehicle ride. The total vehicle power adhered closely to the design reference, confirming that the system prevented surplus or wastage of electricity. The significance of this work lies in demonstrating that FLC provides a robust and convenient method for power sharing in FC/BAT hybrid systems. By smoothing power demands on the fuel cell and utilizing the battery for transient loads and regenerative braking, the strategy enhances overall energy efficiency and component longevity. The results support the conclusion that such sophisticated control systems are essential for developing sustainable, eco-friendly transportation options, effectively balancing the limitations of individual power sources to achieve optimal vehicle performance.

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