Optimization of Charging Infrastructure for Electric Taxis

Sellmair, Reinhard; Hamacher, Thomas · 2014 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.3141/2416-10

archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified

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Summary

This paper investigates the impact of large-scale electric vehicle (EV) integration and photovoltaic (PV) power on Singapore’s power supply system. Motivated by Singapore’s status as an island nation with limited grid interconnections and its goals to reduce oil dependency and CO2 emissions, the study analyzes how EV charging strategies and intermittent PV generation affect power plant scheduling, system costs, and emissions. The research focuses on the interplay between EVs, PVs, and conventional power plants, specifically evaluating whether smart charging and EV-provided ancillary services can mitigate the challenges posed by variable renewable energy and increased load. The methodology employs a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) unit commitment model named URBS-Singapore. This model co-optimizes energy production, regulation, and spinning reserve power every 30 minutes using a receding horizon approach. Input data includes an agent-based mobility model simulating 50,000 private EVs, which generates realistic driving and parking patterns based on Singaporean employment statistics and empirical parking data. The mobility model determines energy requirements and parking durations, which are aggregated into a charging table for the unit commitment algorithm. The study compares four charging strategies: "Dumb" (immediate maximum power charging), "Mean" (even distribution over parking time), "Smart" (cost-minimizing charging), and "SmartPlus" (smart charging where EVs also provide regulation and reserve services). Additionally, scenarios with and without PV integration are analyzed, using solar radiation data to model PV output and associated regulation requirements. The results demonstrate that smart charging strategies significantly influence power plant scheduling and system economics. By shifting charging loads to off-peak hours or optimizing for marginal costs, smart strategies reduce overall variable electricity generation costs compared to uncontrolled charging. The "SmartPlus" strategy further enhances system efficiency by allowing EVs to provide ancillary services, such as regulation and reserves, thereby reducing the burden on conventional power plants. The inclusion of PV power introduces variability that requires additional regulation power, but the flexibility of smart-charged EVs helps balance this intermittency. The study finds that EVs can effectively participate in the regulation and reserve markets without vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, as unidirectional controlled charging allows for load shifting and rapid power adjustment. The significance of this work lies in its detailed assessment of EV integration within a specific, constrained grid environment like Singapore. It provides evidence that smart charging can lower system costs and emissions while maintaining grid stability, even with high PV penetration. The findings support the use of EVs as flexible resources for grid management, offering a pathway for megacities to manage increased electrification and renewable energy integration without extensive infrastructure upgrades. The study highlights the potential for EVs to contribute to grid reliability through ancillary service provision, reinforcing their role in future smart grids.

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