Resistance Training and Executive Functions

Teresa Liu‐Ambrose · 2010 · OpenAlex-citations

DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.494

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Summary

This randomized controlled trial investigated whether resistance training improves executive cognitive functions in older women, addressing a gap in research that had previously focused primarily on aerobic exercise. The study was motivated by the pressing health issue of cognitive decline in seniors and the need for effective primary prevention strategies. Specifically, the researchers sought to determine if resistance training could enhance cognition and to identify the minimum effective frequency (once-weekly versus twice-weekly) to inform clinical exercise prescriptions. The study enrolled 155 community-dwelling women aged 65 to 75 years in Vancouver, Canada, who were randomly assigned to one of three groups for a 12-month period: once-weekly resistance training (1x RT), twice-weekly resistance training (2x RT), or a twice-weekly balance and tone (BAT) control group. The resistance training programs were high-intensity and progressive, utilizing air-pressured systems and free weights. The BAT group performed stretching, balance, and core exercises without additional loading. Assessors were blinded to group assignments. The primary outcome was selective attention and conflict resolution, measured by the Stroop Test. Secondary outcomes included set shifting (Trail Making Tests), working memory (verbal digits tests), gait speed, quadriceps muscular function, and whole brain volume via MRI. Results indicated that both resistance training groups significantly improved performance on the Stroop Test compared to the control group at the end of the trial. Task performance improved by 12.6% in the 1x RT group and 10.9% in the 2x RT group, whereas the BAT group experienced a 0.5% deterioration. These cognitive improvements were significantly associated with increased gait speed. However, resistance training did not significantly improve set shifting or working memory compared to the control group. In terms of physical outcomes, the 2x RT group showed significant increases in peak muscle power, while the 1x RT group did not. Notably, both resistance training groups exhibited small reductions in whole brain volume (0.32% and 0.43%, respectively) compared to the BAT group, which showed no change. Adverse events were primarily musculoskeletal complaints, which were more frequent in the 1x RT group but resolved within four weeks. The study concludes that 12 months of resistance training, whether performed once or twice weekly, benefits the executive cognitive function of selective attention and conflict resolution in senior women. These findings suggest that resistance training is a viable intervention for combating cognitive decline and may offer cognitive benefits independent of aerobic exercise. The results support the inclusion of resistance training in exercise prescriptions for older adults, particularly given the association between cognitive improvement and functional mobility markers like gait speed.

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• cognitive impairment