Psychosocial Work Factors, Job Stress and Strain at the Wheel: Validation of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) in Professional Drivers
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Summary
This study addresses the lack of validated psychosocial assessment tools specifically tailored for professional drivers, a workforce identified as vulnerable due to adverse working conditions such as time pressure, irregular schedules, and low skill discretion. While psychosocial risks are well-documented in other industries, existing instruments often fail to capture the specific stressors inherent to professional driving. The authors aimed to validate the Enterprise version (2018) of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ-III) for this occupational group to improve occupational safety and health monitoring. The research utilized a cross-sectional design involving 726 professional drivers from 17 autonomous communities in Spain. The sample consisted primarily of males (98.6%) with a mean age of 47.10 years, including cargo, passenger, and other vehicle drivers. Participants completed a paper-based self-report questionnaire during training modules, achieving an 81% response rate. The instrument included the Spanish-translated COPSOQ-III, comprising 74 items across five factors: demands, influence and development, interpersonal relationships and leadership, job insecurity, and strain-effects. Additionally, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to assess psychological distress for convergent validity. Data were analyzed using competitive Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) via SPSS AMOS, employing weighted least square mean and variance corrected estimation to handle ordinal data. The initial CFA of the original 74-item five-factor structure and a parsimonious two-factor structure both yielded inadequate model fit. Consequently, the researchers excluded 22 items with low psychometric adjustment or factor loadings below 0.50. The resulting modified five-factor structure, containing 52 items, demonstrated a significantly improved fit to the data (CFI = 0.947, RMSEA = 0.039). All remaining items showed considerable, positive, and statistically significant factor loadings. Internal consistency was high, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.852 to 0.919 and composite reliability indices exceeding 0.970 for all latent constructs. The study confirmed the robust factorial structure of the adapted questionnaire for professional drivers. The findings support the hypothesis that a validated, optimized version of the COPSOQ-III is suitable for assessing psychosocial work factors in professional drivers. By excluding poorly performing items, the instrument offers a reliable tool for identifying specific stressors and strain effects in this vulnerable industry. The authors conclude that this validated questionnaire, combined with complementary data on work environment specifics, holds significant research value and practical implications for designing preventive interventions to enhance occupational safety and health among transport workers.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | OpenAlex-citations | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| archive | success | unpaywall | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-20 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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- Empirical Findings: self report data, physiological data
- Methodological Resource: validation psychometrics