Willingness and intention to run a red light among motorcyclists
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.005
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Summary
This study investigates the psychological and demographic factors influencing the willingness and intention of motorcyclists to run red lights (RLR), a behavior linked to high crash rates and fatalities. Motivated by the increasing number of motorcycle deaths globally and the specific cultural context of Iran, where motorcycle usage is prevalent among men and rule compliance is low, the research compares the predictive power of two theoretical frameworks: the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM). The TPB focuses on rational, planned behaviors, while the PWM accounts for social reactions and unplanned risky behaviors. The researchers collected data from 853 male motorcyclists in Iran via an anonymous online questionnaire administered between March and April 2020. The survey measured TPB components (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention) and PWM components (prototype perception, willingness, and intention) alongside demographic variables, riding habits, and past risky experiences. Statistical analyses, including Principal Component Analysis, Pearson correlations, ANOVA, and hierarchical regression, were employed to evaluate the relationships between these variables and self-reported RLR behavior. Results indicated that older age and being married were associated with lower frequencies of RLR. Conversely, riders who spent more hours riding per day and those with prior risky experiences reported higher intentions and willingness to run red lights. When comparing the models, the PWM explained a greater level of variance in RLR behavior than the TPB. Within the TPB, attitude was the strongest predictor of intention. In the PWM, prototype similarity—the extent to which riders identified with the mental image of a person who runs red lights—was the strongest predictor of the behavior. Additionally, the study found that road safety educational solutions could effectively reduce RLR rates. The findings suggest that risky riding behaviors like RLR are better predicted by social and heuristic processes (captured by the PWM) than by purely rational planning (TPB). The strong influence of prototype similarity implies that interventions should focus on altering the social image of risky riders rather than just addressing individual attitudes. The study highlights the importance of considering cultural and environmental contexts, such as the lack of infrastructure for motorcyclists in bad weather, which may facilitate risky decisions. Ultimately, the research supports the use of the PWM for designing targeted road safety campaigns aimed at reducing motorcycle crashes.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| archive | success | unpaywall | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| enrich | success | semantic_scholar | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-26 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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